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89 lines
5.0 KiB
HTML
89 lines
5.0 KiB
HTML
15 years ago
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<title>i386-16bit - Using as</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Using as">
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<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
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<link rel="up" href="i386_002dDependent.html#i386_002dDependent" title="i386-Dependent">
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<link rel="prev" href="i386_002dSIMD.html#i386_002dSIMD" title="i386-SIMD">
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<link rel="next" href="i386_002dArch.html#i386_002dArch" title="i386-Arch">
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<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
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<!--
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This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".
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Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002,
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2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
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Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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man end-->
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<style type="text/css"><!--
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pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
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--></style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="node">
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<p>
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<a name="i386_002d16bit"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="i386_002dArch.html#i386_002dArch">i386-Arch</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="i386_002dSIMD.html#i386_002dSIMD">i386-SIMD</a>,
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Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="i386_002dDependent.html#i386_002dDependent">i386-Dependent</a>
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<hr><br>
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</div>
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<h4 class="subsection">9.13.12 Writing 16-bit Code</h4>
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<p><a name="index-i386-16_002dbit-code-949"></a><a name="index-16_002dbit-code_002c-i386-950"></a><a name="index-real_002dmode-code_002c-i386-951"></a><a name="index-_0040code_007bcode16gcc_007d-directive_002c-i386-952"></a><a name="index-_0040code_007bcode16_007d-directive_002c-i386-953"></a><a name="index-_0040code_007bcode32_007d-directive_002c-i386-954"></a><a name="index-_0040code_007bcode64_007d-directive_002c-i386-955"></a><a name="index-_0040code_007bcode64_007d-directive_002c-x86_002d64-956"></a>While <code>as</code> normally writes only “pure” 32-bit i386 code
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or 64-bit x86-64 code depending on the default configuration,
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it also supports writing code to run in real mode or in 16-bit protected
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mode code segments. To do this, put a <span class="samp">.code16</span> or
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<span class="samp">.code16gcc</span> directive before the assembly language instructions to
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be run in 16-bit mode. You can switch <code>as</code> back to writing
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normal 32-bit code with the <span class="samp">.code32</span> directive.
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<p><span class="samp">.code16gcc</span> provides experimental support for generating 16-bit
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code from gcc, and differs from <span class="samp">.code16</span> in that <span class="samp">call</span>,
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<span class="samp">ret</span>, <span class="samp">enter</span>, <span class="samp">leave</span>, <span class="samp">push</span>, <span class="samp">pop</span>,
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<span class="samp">pusha</span>, <span class="samp">popa</span>, <span class="samp">pushf</span>, and <span class="samp">popf</span> instructions
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default to 32-bit size. This is so that the stack pointer is
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manipulated in the same way over function calls, allowing access to
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function parameters at the same stack offsets as in 32-bit mode.
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<span class="samp">.code16gcc</span> also automatically adds address size prefixes where
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necessary to use the 32-bit addressing modes that gcc generates.
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<p>The code which <code>as</code> generates in 16-bit mode will not
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necessarily run on a 16-bit pre-80386 processor. To write code that
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runs on such a processor, you must refrain from using <em>any</em> 32-bit
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constructs which require <code>as</code> to output address or operand
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size prefixes.
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<p>Note that writing 16-bit code instructions by explicitly specifying a
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prefix or an instruction mnemonic suffix within a 32-bit code section
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generates different machine instructions than those generated for a
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16-bit code segment. In a 32-bit code section, the following code
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generates the machine opcode bytes <span class="samp">66 6a 04</span>, which pushes the
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value <span class="samp">4</span> onto the stack, decrementing <span class="samp">%esp</span> by 2.
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<pre class="smallexample"> pushw $4
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</pre>
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<p>The same code in a 16-bit code section would generate the machine
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opcode bytes <span class="samp">6a 04</span> (i.e., without the operand size prefix), which
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is correct since the processor default operand size is assumed to be 16
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bits in a 16-bit code section.
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</body></html>
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