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<html lang="en">
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<head>
|
||||
<title>Analysis Options - GNU gprof</title>
|
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<link rel="up" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
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<link rel="prev" href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options" title="Output Options">
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<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
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section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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<body>
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<div class="node">
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<p>
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||||
<a name="Analysis-Options"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options">Miscellaneous Options</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options">Output Options</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>
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||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
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||||
|
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<h3 class="section">4.2 Analysis Options</h3>
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<dl>
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<dt><code>-a</code><dt><code>--no-static</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-a</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to suppress the printing of
|
||||
statically declared (private) functions. (These are functions whose
|
||||
names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the
|
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file/function/block where they were defined.) Time spent in these
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||||
functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the
|
||||
function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.
|
||||
<!-- This is compatible with Unix @code{gprof}, but a bad idea. -->
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||||
This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.
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||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-c</code><dt><code>--static-call-graph</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-c</span> option causes the call graph of the program to be
|
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augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object
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||||
file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code.
|
||||
Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are
|
||||
entered, this option identifies children that could have been called,
|
||||
but never were. Calls to functions that were not compiled with
|
||||
profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table
|
||||
entries are present for them.
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||||
Calls to dynamic library routines are typically <em>not</em> found
|
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by this option.
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Parents or children identified via this heuristic
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are indicated in the call graph with call counts of <span class="samp">0</span>.
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|
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<br><dt><code>-D</code><dt><code>--ignore-non-functions</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-D</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to ignore symbols which
|
||||
are not known to be functions. This option will give more accurate
|
||||
profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and HPUX for
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||||
example).
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<br><dt><code>-k </code><var>from</var><code>/</code><var>to</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-k</span> option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from
|
||||
symbols matching symspec <var>from</var> to those matching symspec <var>to</var>.
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<br><dt><code>-l</code><dt><code>--line</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-l</span> option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes
|
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histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines,
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||||
instead of functions. This feature only works with programs compiled
|
||||
by older versions of the <code>gcc</code> compiler. Newer versions of
|
||||
<code>gcc</code> are designed to work with the <code>gcov</code> tool instead.
|
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|
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<p>If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled,
|
||||
this option will also identify how many times each line of
|
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code was executed.
|
||||
While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function
|
||||
a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases
|
||||
the running time of <code>gprof</code>, and magnifies statistical
|
||||
inaccuracies.
|
||||
See <a href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">Statistical Sampling Error</a>.
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||||
|
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<br><dt><code>-m </code><var>num</var><dt><code>--min-count=</code><var>num</var><dd>This option affects execution count output only.
|
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Symbols that are executed less than <var>num</var> times are suppressed.
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<br><dt><code>-n</code><var>symspec</var><dt><code>--time=</code><var>symspec</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-n</span> option causes <code>gprof</code>, in its call graph analysis,
|
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to only propagate times for symbols matching <var>symspec</var>.
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|
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<br><dt><code>-N</code><var>symspec</var><dt><code>--no-time=</code><var>symspec</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-n</span> option causes <code>gprof</code>, in its call graph analysis,
|
||||
not to propagate times for symbols matching <var>symspec</var>.
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<br><dt><code>-z</code><dt><code>--display-unused-functions</code><dd>If you give the <span class="samp">-z</span> option, <code>gprof</code> will mention all
|
||||
functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and
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||||
that had no time spent in them. This is useful in conjunction with the
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<span class="samp">-c</span> option for discovering which routines were never called.
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|
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</dl>
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</body></html>
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|
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
|
||||
<title>Annotated Source - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
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<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Output.html#Output" title="Output">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline" title="Line-by-line">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
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|
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man end-->
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<style type="text/css"><!--
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Annotated-Source"></a>Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">Line-by-line</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>
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||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
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|
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<h3 class="section">5.4 The Annotated Source Listing</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code>gprof</code>'s <span class="samp">-A</span> option triggers an annotated source listing,
|
||||
which lists the program's source code, each function labeled with the
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||||
number of times it was called. You may also need to specify the
|
||||
<span class="samp">-I</span> option, if <code>gprof</code> can't find the source code files.
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||||
|
||||
<p>With older versions of <code>gcc</code> compiling with <span class="samp">gcc ... -g
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||||
-pg -a</span> augments your program with basic-block counting code, in
|
||||
addition to function counting code. This enables <code>gprof</code> to
|
||||
determine how many times each line of code was executed. With newer
|
||||
versions of <code>gcc</code> support for displaying basic-block counts is
|
||||
provided by the <code>gcov</code> program.
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<p>For example, consider the following function, taken from gzip,
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with line numbers added:
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<pre class="smallexample"> 1 ulg updcrc(s, n)
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2 uch *s;
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3 unsigned n;
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4 {
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5 register ulg c;
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6
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7 static ulg crc = (ulg)0xffffffffL;
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8
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9 if (s == NULL) {
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10 c = 0xffffffffL;
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11 } else {
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12 c = crc;
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13 if (n) do {
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14 c = crc_32_tab[...];
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15 } while (--n);
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16 }
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17 crc = c;
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18 return c ^ 0xffffffffL;
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19 }
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</pre>
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<p><code>updcrc</code> has at least five basic-blocks.
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One is the function itself. The
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<code>if</code> statement on line 9 generates two more basic-blocks, one
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for each branch of the <code>if</code>. A fourth basic-block results from
|
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the <code>if</code> on line 13, and the contents of the <code>do</code> loop form
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the fifth basic-block. The compiler may also generate additional
|
||||
basic-blocks to handle various special cases.
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||||
|
||||
<p>A program augmented for basic-block counting can be analyzed with
|
||||
<span class="samp">gprof -l -A</span>.
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||||
The <span class="samp">-x</span> option is also helpful,
|
||||
to ensure that each line of code is labeled at least once.
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||||
Here is <code>updcrc</code>'s
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||||
annotated source listing for a sample <code>gzip</code> run:
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<pre class="smallexample"> ulg updcrc(s, n)
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uch *s;
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unsigned n;
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2 ->{
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register ulg c;
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static ulg crc = (ulg)0xffffffffL;
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2 -> if (s == NULL) {
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1 -> c = 0xffffffffL;
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1 -> } else {
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1 -> c = crc;
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1 -> if (n) do {
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26312 -> c = crc_32_tab[...];
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26312,1,26311 -> } while (--n);
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}
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2 -> crc = c;
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2 -> return c ^ 0xffffffffL;
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2 ->}
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</pre>
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<p>In this example, the function was called twice, passing once through
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each branch of the <code>if</code> statement. The body of the <code>do</code>
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||||
loop was executed a total of 26312 times. Note how the <code>while</code>
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||||
statement is annotated. It began execution 26312 times, once for
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each iteration through the loop. One of those times (the last time)
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||||
it exited, while it branched back to the beginning of the loop 26311 times.
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</body></html>
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|
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
|
||||
<title>Assumptions - GNU gprof</title>
|
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
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<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy" title="Inaccuracy">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error" title="Sampling Error">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
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<style type="text/css"><!--
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pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
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|
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pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
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pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
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pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
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pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
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span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
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|
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--></style>
|
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</head>
|
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<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Assumptions"></a>Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">Sampling Error</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy</a>
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<hr><br>
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</div>
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<h3 class="section">6.2 Estimating <code>children</code> Times</h3>
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<p>Some of the figures in the call graph are estimates—for example, the
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<code>children</code> time values and all the time figures in caller and
|
||||
subroutine lines.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There is no direct information about these measurements in the profile
|
||||
data itself. Instead, <code>gprof</code> estimates them by making an assumption
|
||||
about your program that might or might not be true.
|
||||
|
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<p>The assumption made is that the average time spent in each call to any
|
||||
function <code>foo</code> is not correlated with who called <code>foo</code>. If
|
||||
<code>foo</code> used 5 seconds in all, and 2/5 of the calls to <code>foo</code> came
|
||||
from <code>a</code>, then <code>foo</code> contributes 2 seconds to <code>a</code>'s
|
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<code>children</code> time, by assumption.
|
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|
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<p>This assumption is usually true enough, but for some programs it is far
|
||||
from true. Suppose that <code>foo</code> returns very quickly when its argument
|
||||
is zero; suppose that <code>a</code> always passes zero as an argument, while
|
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other callers of <code>foo</code> pass other arguments. In this program, all the
|
||||
time spent in <code>foo</code> is in the calls from callers other than <code>a</code>.
|
||||
But <code>gprof</code> has no way of knowing this; it will blindly and
|
||||
incorrectly charge 2 seconds of time in <code>foo</code> to the children of
|
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<code>a</code>.
|
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|
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<!-- FIXME - has this been fixed? -->
|
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<p>We hope some day to put more complete data into <span class="file">gmon.out</span>, so that
|
||||
this assumption is no longer needed, if we can figure out how. For the
|
||||
novice, the estimated figures are usually more useful than misleading.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
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||||
|
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@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
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<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Call Graph - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Output.html#Output" title="Output">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile" title="Flat Profile">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline" title="Line-by-line">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Call-Graph"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">Line-by-line</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">Flat Profile</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">5.2 The Call Graph</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a name="index-call-graph-2"></a>
|
||||
The <dfn>call graph</dfn> shows how much time was spent in each function
|
||||
and its children. From this information, you can find functions that,
|
||||
while they themselves may not have used much time, called other
|
||||
functions that did use unusual amounts of time.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here is a sample call from a small program. This call came from the
|
||||
same <code>gprof</code> run as the flat profile example in the previous
|
||||
section.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 20.00% of 0.05 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
index % time self children called name
|
||||
<spontaneous>
|
||||
[1] 100.0 0.00 0.05 start [1]
|
||||
0.00 0.05 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/2 on_exit [28]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/1 exit [59]
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------
|
||||
0.00 0.05 1/1 start [1]
|
||||
[2] 100.0 0.00 0.05 1 main [2]
|
||||
0.00 0.05 1/1 report [3]
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------
|
||||
0.00 0.05 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
[3] 100.0 0.00 0.05 1 report [3]
|
||||
0.00 0.03 8/8 timelocal [6]
|
||||
0.00 0.01 1/1 print [9]
|
||||
0.00 0.01 9/9 fgets [12]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 12/34 strncmp <cycle 1> [40]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 8/8 lookup [20]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/1 fopen [21]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 8/8 chewtime [24]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 8/16 skipspace [44]
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------
|
||||
[4] 59.8 0.01 0.02 8+472 <cycle 2 as a whole> [4]
|
||||
0.01 0.02 244+260 offtime <cycle 2> [7]
|
||||
0.00 0.00 236+1 tzset <cycle 2> [26]
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>The lines full of dashes divide this table into <dfn>entries</dfn>, one for each
|
||||
function. Each entry has one or more lines.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In each entry, the primary line is the one that starts with an index number
|
||||
in square brackets. The end of this line says which function the entry is
|
||||
for. The preceding lines in the entry describe the callers of this
|
||||
function and the following lines describe its subroutines (also called
|
||||
<dfn>children</dfn> when we speak of the call graph).
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The entries are sorted by time spent in the function and its subroutines.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The internal profiling function <code>mcount</code> (see <a href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">The Flat Profile</a>) is never mentioned in the call graph.
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="menu">
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Primary.html#Primary">Primary</a>: Details of the primary line's contents.
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Callers.html#Callers">Callers</a>: Details of caller-lines' contents.
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines">Subroutines</a>: Details of subroutine-lines' contents.
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Cycles.html#Cycles">Cycles</a>: When there are cycles of recursion,
|
||||
such as <code>a</code> calls <code>b</code> calls <code>a</code>...
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Callers - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" title="Call Graph">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Primary.html#Primary" title="Primary">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines" title="Subroutines">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Callers"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines">Subroutines</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Primary.html#Primary">Primary</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">5.2.2 Lines for a Function's Callers</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A function's entry has a line for each function it was called by.
|
||||
These lines' fields correspond to the fields of the primary line, but
|
||||
their meanings are different because of the difference in context.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For reference, we repeat two lines from the entry for the function
|
||||
<code>report</code>, the primary line and one caller-line preceding it, together
|
||||
with the heading line that shows the names of the fields:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> index % time self children called name
|
||||
...
|
||||
0.00 0.05 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
[3] 100.0 0.00 0.05 1 report [3]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Here are the meanings of the fields in the caller-line for <code>report</code>
|
||||
called from <code>main</code>:
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>self</code><dd>An estimate of the amount of time spent in <code>report</code> itself when it was
|
||||
called from <code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>children</code><dd>An estimate of the amount of time spent in subroutines of <code>report</code>
|
||||
when <code>report</code> was called from <code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The sum of the <code>self</code> and <code>children</code> fields is an estimate
|
||||
of the amount of time spent within calls to <code>report</code> from <code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>called</code><dd>Two numbers: the number of times <code>report</code> was called from <code>main</code>,
|
||||
followed by the total number of non-recursive calls to <code>report</code> from
|
||||
all its callers.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>name and index number</code><dd>The name of the caller of <code>report</code> to which this line applies,
|
||||
followed by the caller's index number.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Not all functions have entries in the call graph; some
|
||||
options to <code>gprof</code> request the omission of certain functions.
|
||||
When a caller has no entry of its own, it still has caller-lines
|
||||
in the entries of the functions it calls.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the caller is part of a recursion cycle, the cycle number is
|
||||
printed between the name and the index number.
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the identity of the callers of a function cannot be determined, a
|
||||
dummy caller-line is printed which has <span class="samp"><spontaneous></span> as the
|
||||
“caller's name” and all other fields blank. This can happen for
|
||||
signal handlers.
|
||||
<!-- What if some calls have determinable callers' names but not all? -->
|
||||
<!-- FIXME - still relevant? -->
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Compiling - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Introduction.html#Introduction" title="Introduction">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Executing.html#Executing" title="Executing">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Compiling"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Executing.html#Executing">Executing</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">2 Compiling a Program for Profiling</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first step in generating profile information for your program is
|
||||
to compile and link it with profiling enabled.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To compile a source file for profiling, specify the <span class="samp">-pg</span> option when
|
||||
you run the compiler. (This is in addition to the options you normally
|
||||
use.)
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To link the program for profiling, if you use a compiler such as <code>cc</code>
|
||||
to do the linking, simply specify <span class="samp">-pg</span> in addition to your usual
|
||||
options. The same option, <span class="samp">-pg</span>, alters either compilation or linking
|
||||
to do what is necessary for profiling. Here are examples:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> cc -g -c myprog.c utils.c -pg
|
||||
cc -o myprog myprog.o utils.o -pg
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>The <span class="samp">-pg</span> option also works with a command that both compiles and links:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> cc -o myprog myprog.c utils.c -g -pg
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Note: The <span class="samp">-pg</span> option must be part of your compilation options
|
||||
as well as your link options. If it is not then no call-graph data
|
||||
will be gathered and when you run <code>gprof</code> you will get an error
|
||||
message like this:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> gprof: gmon.out file is missing call-graph data
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>If you add the <span class="samp">-Q</span> switch to suppress the printing of the call
|
||||
graph data you will still be able to see the time samples:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> Flat profile:
|
||||
|
||||
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
|
||||
% cumulative self self total
|
||||
time seconds seconds calls Ts/call Ts/call name
|
||||
44.12 0.07 0.07 zazLoop
|
||||
35.29 0.14 0.06 main
|
||||
20.59 0.17 0.04 bazMillion
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>If you run the linker <code>ld</code> directly instead of through a compiler
|
||||
such as <code>cc</code>, you may have to specify a profiling startup file
|
||||
<span class="file">gcrt0.o</span> as the first input file instead of the usual startup
|
||||
file <span class="file">crt0.o</span>. In addition, you would probably want to
|
||||
specify the profiling C library, <span class="file">libc_p.a</span>, by writing
|
||||
<span class="samp">-lc_p</span> instead of the usual <span class="samp">-lc</span>. This is not absolutely
|
||||
necessary, but doing this gives you number-of-calls information for
|
||||
standard library functions such as <code>read</code> and <code>open</code>. For
|
||||
example:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> ld -o myprog /lib/gcrt0.o myprog.o utils.o -lc_p
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>If you compile only some of the modules of the program with <span class="samp">-pg</span>, you
|
||||
can still profile the program, but you won't get complete information about
|
||||
the modules that were compiled without <span class="samp">-pg</span>. The only information
|
||||
you get for the functions in those modules is the total time spent in them;
|
||||
there is no record of how many times they were called, or from where. This
|
||||
will not affect the flat profile (except that the <code>calls</code> field for
|
||||
the functions will be blank), but will greatly reduce the usefulness of the
|
||||
call graph.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you wish to perform line-by-line profiling you should use the
|
||||
<code>gcov</code> tool instead of <code>gprof</code>. See that tool's manual or
|
||||
info pages for more details of how to do this.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Note, older versions of <code>gcc</code> produce line-by-line profiling
|
||||
information that works with <code>gprof</code> rather than <code>gcov</code> so
|
||||
there is still support for displaying this kind of information in
|
||||
<code>gprof</code>. See <a href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">Line-by-line Profiling</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It also worth noting that <code>gcc</code> implements a
|
||||
<span class="samp">-finstrument-functions</span> command line option which will insert
|
||||
calls to special user supplied instrumentation routines at the entry
|
||||
and exit of every function in their program. This can be used to
|
||||
implement an alternative profiling scheme.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Cycles - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" title="Call Graph">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines" title="Subroutines">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Cycles"></a>Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines">Subroutines</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">5.2.4 How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a name="index-cycle-3"></a><a name="index-recursion-cycle-4"></a>
|
||||
The graph may be complicated by the presence of <dfn>cycles of
|
||||
recursion</dfn> in the call graph. A cycle exists if a function calls
|
||||
another function that (directly or indirectly) calls (or appears to
|
||||
call) the original function. For example: if <code>a</code> calls <code>b</code>,
|
||||
and <code>b</code> calls <code>a</code>, then <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> form a cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Whenever there are call paths both ways between a pair of functions, they
|
||||
belong to the same cycle. If <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> call each other and
|
||||
<code>b</code> and <code>c</code> call each other, all three make one cycle. Note that
|
||||
even if <code>b</code> only calls <code>a</code> if it was not called from <code>a</code>,
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> cannot determine this, so <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are still
|
||||
considered a cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The cycles are numbered with consecutive integers. When a function
|
||||
belongs to a cycle, each time the function name appears in the call graph
|
||||
it is followed by <span class="samp"><cycle </span><var>number</var><span class="samp">></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The reason cycles matter is that they make the time values in the call
|
||||
graph paradoxical. The “time spent in children” of <code>a</code> should
|
||||
include the time spent in its subroutine <code>b</code> and in <code>b</code>'s
|
||||
subroutines—but one of <code>b</code>'s subroutines is <code>a</code>! How much of
|
||||
<code>a</code>'s time should be included in the children of <code>a</code>, when
|
||||
<code>a</code> is indirectly recursive?
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The way <code>gprof</code> resolves this paradox is by creating a single entry
|
||||
for the cycle as a whole. The primary line of this entry describes the
|
||||
total time spent directly in the functions of the cycle. The
|
||||
“subroutines” of the cycle are the individual functions of the cycle, and
|
||||
all other functions that were called directly by them. The “callers” of
|
||||
the cycle are the functions, outside the cycle, that called functions in
|
||||
the cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here is an example portion of a call graph which shows a cycle containing
|
||||
functions <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. The cycle was entered by a call to
|
||||
<code>a</code> from <code>main</code>; both <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> called <code>c</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> index % time self children called name
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
1.77 0 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
[3] 91.71 1.77 0 1+5 <cycle 1 as a whole> [3]
|
||||
1.02 0 3 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
0.75 0 2 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
3 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
[4] 52.85 1.02 0 0 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
2 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
0 0 3/6 c [6]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
1.77 0 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
2 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
[5] 38.86 0.75 0 1 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
3 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
0 0 3/6 c [6]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">(The entire call graph for this program contains in addition an entry for
|
||||
<code>main</code>, which calls <code>a</code>, and an entry for <code>c</code>, with callers
|
||||
<code>a</code> and <code>b</code>.)
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> index % time self children called name
|
||||
<spontaneous>
|
||||
[1] 100.00 0 1.93 0 start [1]
|
||||
0.16 1.77 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
0.16 1.77 1/1 start [1]
|
||||
[2] 100.00 0.16 1.77 1 main [2]
|
||||
1.77 0 1/1 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
1.77 0 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
[3] 91.71 1.77 0 1+5 <cycle 1 as a whole> [3]
|
||||
1.02 0 3 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
0.75 0 2 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
0 0 6/6 c [6]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
3 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
[4] 52.85 1.02 0 0 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
2 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
0 0 3/6 c [6]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
1.77 0 1/1 main [2]
|
||||
2 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
[5] 38.86 0.75 0 1 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
3 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
0 0 3/6 c [6]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
0 0 3/6 b <cycle 1> [4]
|
||||
0 0 3/6 a <cycle 1> [5]
|
||||
[6] 0.00 0 0 6 c [6]
|
||||
----------------------------------------
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>The <code>self</code> field of the cycle's primary line is the total time
|
||||
spent in all the functions of the cycle. It equals the sum of the
|
||||
<code>self</code> fields for the individual functions in the cycle, found
|
||||
in the entry in the subroutine lines for these functions.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <code>children</code> fields of the cycle's primary line and subroutine lines
|
||||
count only subroutines outside the cycle. Even though <code>a</code> calls
|
||||
<code>b</code>, the time spent in those calls to <code>b</code> is not counted in
|
||||
<code>a</code>'s <code>children</code> time. Thus, we do not encounter the problem of
|
||||
what to do when the time in those calls to <code>b</code> includes indirect
|
||||
recursive calls back to <code>a</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <code>children</code> field of a caller-line in the cycle's entry estimates
|
||||
the amount of time spent <em>in the whole cycle</em>, and its other
|
||||
subroutines, on the times when that caller called a function in the cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <code>called</code> field in the primary line for the cycle has two numbers:
|
||||
first, the number of times functions in the cycle were called by functions
|
||||
outside the cycle; second, the number of times they were called by
|
||||
functions in the cycle (including times when a function in the cycle calls
|
||||
itself). This is a generalization of the usual split into non-recursive and
|
||||
recursive calls.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <code>called</code> field of a subroutine-line for a cycle member in the
|
||||
cycle's entry says how many time that function was called from functions in
|
||||
the cycle. The total of all these is the second number in the primary line's
|
||||
<code>called</code> field.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In the individual entry for a function in a cycle, the other functions in
|
||||
the same cycle can appear as subroutines and as callers. These lines show
|
||||
how many times each function in the cycle called or was called from each other
|
||||
function in the cycle. The <code>self</code> and <code>children</code> fields in these
|
||||
lines are blank because of the difficulty of defining meanings for them
|
||||
when recursion is going on.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Debugging - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
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|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
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||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Debugging"></a>Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Internals.html#Internals">Internals</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">9.4 Debugging <code>gprof</code></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If <code>gprof</code> was compiled with debugging enabled,
|
||||
the <span class="samp">-d</span> option triggers debugging output
|
||||
(to stdout) which can be helpful in understanding its operation.
|
||||
The debugging number specified is interpreted as a sum of the following
|
||||
options:
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>2 - Topological sort<dd>Monitor depth-first numbering of symbols during call graph analysis
|
||||
<br><dt>4 - Cycles<dd>Shows symbols as they are identified as cycle heads
|
||||
<br><dt>16 - Tallying<dd>As the call graph arcs are read, show each arc and how
|
||||
the total calls to each function are tallied
|
||||
<br><dt>32 - Call graph arc sorting<dd>Details sorting individual parents/children within each call graph entry
|
||||
<br><dt>64 - Reading histogram and call graph records<dd>Shows address ranges of histograms as they are read, and each
|
||||
call graph arc
|
||||
<br><dt>128 - Symbol table<dd>Reading, classifying, and sorting the symbol table from the object file.
|
||||
For line-by-line profiling (<span class="samp">-l</span> option), also shows line numbers
|
||||
being assigned to memory addresses.
|
||||
<br><dt>256 - Static call graph<dd>Trace operation of <span class="samp">-c</span> option
|
||||
<br><dt>512 - Symbol table and arc table lookups<dd>Detail operation of lookup routines
|
||||
<br><dt>1024 - Call graph propagation<dd>Shows how function times are propagated along the call graph
|
||||
<br><dt>2048 - Basic-blocks<dd>Shows basic-block records as they are read from profile data
|
||||
(only meaningful with <span class="samp">-l</span> option)
|
||||
<br><dt>4096 - Symspecs<dd>Shows symspec-to-symbol pattern matching operation
|
||||
<br><dt>8192 - Annotate source<dd>Tracks operation of <span class="samp">-A</span> option
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Deprecated Options - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
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<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options" title="Miscellaneous Options">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs" title="Symspecs">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
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|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
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pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
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|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Deprecated-Options"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs">Symspecs</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options">Miscellaneous Options</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">4.4 Deprecated Options</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-e </code><var>function_name</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-e </span><var>function</var> option tells <code>gprof</code> to not print
|
||||
information about the function <var>function_name</var> (and its
|
||||
children<small class="dots">...</small>) in the call graph. The function will still be listed
|
||||
as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be
|
||||
shown as <span class="samp">[not printed]</span>. More than one <span class="samp">-e</span> option may be
|
||||
given; only one <var>function_name</var> may be indicated with each <span class="samp">-e</span>
|
||||
option.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-E </code><var>function_name</var><dd>The <code>-E </code><var>function</var> option works like the <code>-e</code> option, but
|
||||
time spent in the function (and children who were not called from
|
||||
anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for
|
||||
the call graph. More than one <span class="samp">-E</span> option may be given; only one
|
||||
<var>function_name</var> may be indicated with each <span class="samp">-E</span> option.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-f </code><var>function_name</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-f </span><var>function</var> option causes <code>gprof</code> to limit the
|
||||
call graph to the function <var>function_name</var> and its children (and
|
||||
their children<small class="dots">...</small>). More than one <span class="samp">-f</span> option may be given;
|
||||
only one <var>function_name</var> may be indicated with each <span class="samp">-f</span>
|
||||
option.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-F </code><var>function_name</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-F </span><var>function</var> option works like the <code>-f</code> option, but
|
||||
only time spent in the function and its children (and their
|
||||
children<small class="dots">...</small>) will be used to determine total-time and
|
||||
percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than one <span class="samp">-F</span> option
|
||||
may be given; only one <var>function_name</var> may be indicated with each
|
||||
<span class="samp">-F</span> option. The <span class="samp">-F</span> option overrides the <span class="samp">-E</span> option.
|
||||
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- man end -->
|
||||
<p>Note that only one function can be specified with each <code>-e</code>,
|
||||
<code>-E</code>, <code>-f</code> or <code>-F</code> option. To specify more than one
|
||||
function, use multiple options. For example, this command:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> gprof -e boring -f foo -f bar myprogram > gprof.output
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">lists in the call graph all functions that were reached from either
|
||||
<code>foo</code> or <code>bar</code> and were not reachable from <code>boring</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Details - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities" title="Incompatibilities">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Details"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">Incompatibilities</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">9 Details of Profiling</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="menu">
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Implementation.html#Implementation">Implementation</a>: How a program collects profiling information
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="2" href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>: Format of <span class="samp">gmon.out</span> files
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Internals.html#Internals">Internals</a>: <code>gprof</code>'s internal operation
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Debugging.html#Debugging">Debugging</a>: Using <code>gprof</code>'s <span class="samp">-d</span> option
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Executing - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Compiling.html#Compiling" title="Compiling">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
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<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Executing"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Compiling.html#Compiling">Compiling</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">3 Executing the Program</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once the program is compiled for profiling, you must run it in order to
|
||||
generate the information that <code>gprof</code> needs. Simply run the program
|
||||
as usual, using the normal arguments, file names, etc. The program should
|
||||
run normally, producing the same output as usual. It will, however, run
|
||||
somewhat slower than normal because of the time spent collecting and
|
||||
writing the profile data.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The way you run the program—the arguments and input that you give
|
||||
it—may have a dramatic effect on what the profile information shows. The
|
||||
profile data will describe the parts of the program that were activated for
|
||||
the particular input you use. For example, if the first command you give
|
||||
to your program is to quit, the profile data will show the time used in
|
||||
initialization and in cleanup, but not much else.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Your program will write the profile data into a file called <span class="file">gmon.out</span>
|
||||
just before exiting. If there is already a file called <span class="file">gmon.out</span>,
|
||||
its contents are overwritten. There is currently no way to tell the
|
||||
program to write the profile data under a different name, but you can rename
|
||||
the file afterwards if you are concerned that it may be overwritten.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In order to write the <span class="file">gmon.out</span> file properly, your program must exit
|
||||
normally: by returning from <code>main</code> or by calling <code>exit</code>. Calling
|
||||
the low-level function <code>_exit</code> does not write the profile data, and
|
||||
neither does abnormal termination due to an unhandled signal.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <span class="file">gmon.out</span> file is written in the program's <em>current working
|
||||
directory</em> at the time it exits. This means that if your program calls
|
||||
<code>chdir</code>, the <span class="file">gmon.out</span> file will be left in the last directory
|
||||
your program <code>chdir</code>'d to. If you don't have permission to write in
|
||||
this directory, the file is not written, and you will get an error message.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Older versions of the <span class="sc">gnu</span> profiling library may also write a file
|
||||
called <span class="file">bb.out</span>. This file, if present, contains an human-readable
|
||||
listing of the basic-block execution counts. Unfortunately, the
|
||||
appearance of a human-readable <span class="file">bb.out</span> means the basic-block
|
||||
counts didn't get written into <span class="file">gmon.out</span>.
|
||||
The Perl script <code>bbconv.pl</code>, included with the <code>gprof</code>
|
||||
source distribution, will convert a <span class="file">bb.out</span> file into
|
||||
a format readable by <code>gprof</code>. Invoke it like this:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> bbconv.pl < bb.out > <var>bh-data</var>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>This translates the information in <span class="file">bb.out</span> into a form that
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> can understand. But you still need to tell <code>gprof</code>
|
||||
about the existence of this translated information. To do that, include
|
||||
<var>bb-data</var> on the <code>gprof</code> command line, <em>along with
|
||||
</em><span class="file">gmon.out</span>, like this:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> gprof <var>options</var> <var>executable-file</var> gmon.out <var>bb-data</var> [<var>yet-more-profile-data-files</var>...] [> <var>outfile</var>]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>File Format - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
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<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Details.html#Details" title="Details">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Implementation.html#Implementation" title="Implementation">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Internals.html#Internals" title="Internals">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="File-Format"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Internals.html#Internals">Internals</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Implementation.html#Implementation">Implementation</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">9.2 Profiling Data File Format</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The old BSD-derived file format used for profile data does not contain a
|
||||
magic cookie that allows to check whether a data file really is a
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> file. Furthermore, it does not provide a version number, thus
|
||||
rendering changes to the file format almost impossible. <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code>
|
||||
uses a new file format that provides these features. For backward
|
||||
compatibility, <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> continues to support the old BSD-derived
|
||||
format, but not all features are supported with it. For example,
|
||||
basic-block execution counts cannot be accommodated by the old file
|
||||
format.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The new file format is defined in header file <span class="file">gmon_out.h</span>. It
|
||||
consists of a header containing the magic cookie and a version number,
|
||||
as well as some spare bytes available for future extensions. All data
|
||||
in a profile data file is in the native format of the target for which
|
||||
the profile was collected. <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> adapts automatically
|
||||
to the byte-order in use.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In the new file format, the header is followed by a sequence of
|
||||
records. Currently, there are three different record types: histogram
|
||||
records, call-graph arc records, and basic-block execution count
|
||||
records. Each file can contain any number of each record type. When
|
||||
reading a file, <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> will ensure records of the same type are
|
||||
compatible with each other and compute the union of all records. For
|
||||
example, for basic-block execution counts, the union is simply the sum
|
||||
of all execution counts for each basic-block.
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">9.2.1 Histogram Records</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Histogram records consist of a header that is followed by an array of
|
||||
bins. The header contains the text-segment range that the histogram
|
||||
spans, the size of the histogram in bytes (unlike in the old BSD
|
||||
format, this does not include the size of the header), the rate of the
|
||||
profiling clock, and the physical dimension that the bin counts
|
||||
represent after being scaled by the profiling clock rate. The
|
||||
physical dimension is specified in two parts: a long name of up to 15
|
||||
characters and a single character abbreviation. For example, a
|
||||
histogram representing real-time would specify the long name as
|
||||
“seconds” and the abbreviation as “s”. This feature is useful for
|
||||
architectures that support performance monitor hardware (which,
|
||||
fortunately, is becoming increasingly common). For example, under DEC
|
||||
OSF/1, the “uprofile” command can be used to produce a histogram of,
|
||||
say, instruction cache misses. In this case, the dimension in the
|
||||
histogram header could be set to “i-cache misses” and the abbreviation
|
||||
could be set to “1” (because it is simply a count, not a physical
|
||||
dimension). Also, the profiling rate would have to be set to 1 in
|
||||
this case.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Histogram bins are 16-bit numbers and each bin represent an equal
|
||||
amount of text-space. For example, if the text-segment is one
|
||||
thousand bytes long and if there are ten bins in the histogram, each
|
||||
bin represents one hundred bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">9.2.2 Call-Graph Records</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Call-graph records have a format that is identical to the one used in
|
||||
the BSD-derived file format. It consists of an arc in the call graph
|
||||
and a count indicating the number of times the arc was traversed
|
||||
during program execution. Arcs are specified by a pair of addresses:
|
||||
the first must be within caller's function and the second must be
|
||||
within the callee's function. When performing profiling at the
|
||||
function level, these addresses can point anywhere within the
|
||||
respective function. However, when profiling at the line-level, it is
|
||||
better if the addresses are as close to the call-site/entry-point as
|
||||
possible. This will ensure that the line-level call-graph is able to
|
||||
identify exactly which line of source code performed calls to a
|
||||
function.
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">9.2.3 Basic-Block Execution Count Records</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Basic-block execution count records consist of a header followed by a
|
||||
sequence of address/count pairs. The header simply specifies the
|
||||
length of the sequence. In an address/count pair, the address
|
||||
identifies a basic-block and the count specifies the number of times
|
||||
that basic-block was executed. Any address within the basic-address can
|
||||
be used.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Flat Profile - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Output.html#Output" title="Output">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" title="Call Graph">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
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|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Flat-Profile"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">5.1 The Flat Profile</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a name="index-flat-profile-1"></a>
|
||||
The <dfn>flat profile</dfn> shows the total amount of time your program
|
||||
spent executing each function. Unless the <span class="samp">-z</span> option is given,
|
||||
functions with no apparent time spent in them, and no apparent calls
|
||||
to them, are not mentioned. Note that if a function was not compiled
|
||||
for profiling, and didn't run long enough to show up on the program
|
||||
counter histogram, it will be indistinguishable from a function that
|
||||
was never called.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is part of a flat profile for a small program:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> Flat profile:
|
||||
|
||||
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
|
||||
% cumulative self self total
|
||||
time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name
|
||||
33.34 0.02 0.02 7208 0.00 0.00 open
|
||||
16.67 0.03 0.01 244 0.04 0.12 offtime
|
||||
16.67 0.04 0.01 8 1.25 1.25 memccpy
|
||||
16.67 0.05 0.01 7 1.43 1.43 write
|
||||
16.67 0.06 0.01 mcount
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 236 0.00 0.00 tzset
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 192 0.00 0.00 tolower
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 47 0.00 0.00 strlen
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 45 0.00 0.00 strchr
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 1 0.00 50.00 main
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 memcpy
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 1 0.00 10.11 print
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 profil
|
||||
0.00 0.06 0.00 1 0.00 50.00 report
|
||||
...
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">The functions are sorted first by decreasing run-time spent in them,
|
||||
then by decreasing number of calls, then alphabetically by name. The
|
||||
functions <span class="samp">mcount</span> and <span class="samp">profil</span> are part of the profiling
|
||||
apparatus and appear in every flat profile; their time gives a measure of
|
||||
the amount of overhead due to profiling.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Just before the column headers, a statement appears indicating
|
||||
how much time each sample counted as.
|
||||
This <dfn>sampling period</dfn> estimates the margin of error in each of the time
|
||||
figures. A time figure that is not much larger than this is not
|
||||
reliable. In this example, each sample counted as 0.01 seconds,
|
||||
suggesting a 100 Hz sampling rate.
|
||||
The program's total execution time was 0.06
|
||||
seconds, as indicated by the <span class="samp">cumulative seconds</span> field. Since
|
||||
each sample counted for 0.01 seconds, this means only six samples
|
||||
were taken during the run. Two of the samples occurred while the
|
||||
program was in the <span class="samp">open</span> function, as indicated by the
|
||||
<span class="samp">self seconds</span> field. Each of the other four samples
|
||||
occurred one each in <span class="samp">offtime</span>, <span class="samp">memccpy</span>, <span class="samp">write</span>,
|
||||
and <span class="samp">mcount</span>.
|
||||
Since only six samples were taken, none of these values can
|
||||
be regarded as particularly reliable.
|
||||
In another run,
|
||||
the <span class="samp">self seconds</span> field for
|
||||
<span class="samp">mcount</span> might well be <span class="samp">0.00</span> or <span class="samp">0.02</span>.
|
||||
See <a href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">Statistical Sampling Error</a>,
|
||||
for a complete discussion.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The remaining functions in the listing (those whose
|
||||
<span class="samp">self seconds</span> field is <span class="samp">0.00</span>) didn't appear
|
||||
in the histogram samples at all. However, the call graph
|
||||
indicated that they were called, so therefore they are listed,
|
||||
sorted in decreasing order by the <span class="samp">calls</span> field.
|
||||
Clearly some time was spent executing these functions,
|
||||
but the paucity of histogram samples prevents any
|
||||
determination of how much time each took.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here is what the fields in each line mean:
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>% time</code><dd>This is the percentage of the total execution time your program spent
|
||||
in this function. These should all add up to 100%.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>cumulative seconds</code><dd>This is the cumulative total number of seconds the computer spent
|
||||
executing this functions, plus the time spent in all the functions
|
||||
above this one in this table.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>self seconds</code><dd>This is the number of seconds accounted for by this function alone.
|
||||
The flat profile listing is sorted first by this number.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>calls</code><dd>This is the total number of times the function was called. If the
|
||||
function was never called, or the number of times it was called cannot
|
||||
be determined (probably because the function was not compiled with
|
||||
profiling enabled), the <dfn>calls</dfn> field is blank.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>self ms/call</code><dd>This represents the average number of milliseconds spent in this
|
||||
function per call, if this function is profiled. Otherwise, this field
|
||||
is blank for this function.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>total ms/call</code><dd>This represents the average number of milliseconds spent in this
|
||||
function and its descendants per call, if this function is profiled.
|
||||
Otherwise, this field is blank for this function.
|
||||
This is the only field in the flat profile that uses call graph analysis.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>name</code><dd>This is the name of the function. The flat profile is sorted by this
|
||||
field alphabetically after the <dfn>self seconds</dfn> and <dfn>calls</dfn>
|
||||
fields are sorted.
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>GNU Free Documentation License - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Details.html#Details" title="Details">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
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|
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<style type="text/css"><!--
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|
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|
||||
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|
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pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
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pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
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pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
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span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
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span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
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</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div align="center">Version 1.1, March 2000</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="display"> Copyright (C) 2000, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
|
||||
|
||||
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
||||
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<ol type=1 start=0>
|
||||
<li>PREAMBLE
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
||||
written document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
|
||||
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
|
||||
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
|
||||
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
|
||||
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
|
||||
modifications made by others.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
|
||||
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
|
||||
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
||||
license designed for free software.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
|
||||
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
|
||||
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
|
||||
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
|
||||
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
|
||||
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
|
||||
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
|
||||
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
|
||||
under the terms of this License. The “Document”, below, refers to any
|
||||
such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
|
||||
addressed as “you.”
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
|
||||
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
||||
modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
|
||||
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
|
||||
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
|
||||
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
|
||||
within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
|
||||
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
|
||||
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
|
||||
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
|
||||
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
|
||||
them.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
|
||||
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
|
||||
that says that the Document is released under this License.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed,
|
||||
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
|
||||
the Document is released under this License.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
||||
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
||||
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
|
||||
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
|
||||
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
|
||||
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
|
||||
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
|
||||
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
|
||||
format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
|
||||
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
|
||||
not “Transparent” is called “Opaque.”
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
||||
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
|
||||
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
|
||||
HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
|
||||
PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
|
||||
by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
|
||||
processing tools are not generally available, and the
|
||||
machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
|
||||
purposes only.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
||||
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
|
||||
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
|
||||
formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means
|
||||
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
|
||||
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>VERBATIM COPYING
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
||||
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
||||
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
|
||||
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
|
||||
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
|
||||
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
|
||||
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
|
||||
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
|
||||
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
|
||||
you may publicly display copies.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
|
||||
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
|
||||
the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
|
||||
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
|
||||
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
|
||||
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
|
||||
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
|
||||
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
|
||||
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
|
||||
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
|
||||
as verbatim copying in other respects.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
||||
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
||||
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
|
||||
pages.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
|
||||
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
|
||||
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
|
||||
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
|
||||
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
|
||||
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
|
||||
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
|
||||
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
|
||||
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
|
||||
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
|
||||
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
|
||||
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
|
||||
the public.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
|
||||
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
|
||||
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>MODIFICATIONS
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
|
||||
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
|
||||
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
|
||||
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
|
||||
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
|
||||
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
|
||||
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
|
||||
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
|
||||
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
|
||||
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.<br>
|
||||
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
|
||||
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
|
||||
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
|
||||
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).<br>
|
||||
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
||||
Modified Version, as the publisher.<br>
|
||||
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.<br>
|
||||
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
||||
adjacent to the other copyright notices.<br>
|
||||
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
|
||||
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
|
||||
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.<br>
|
||||
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
|
||||
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.<br>
|
||||
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.<br>
|
||||
I. Preserve the section entitled “History”, and its title, and add to
|
||||
it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
|
||||
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
|
||||
there is no section entitled “History” in the Document, create one
|
||||
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
|
||||
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
|
||||
Version as stated in the previous sentence.<br>
|
||||
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
|
||||
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
|
||||
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
|
||||
it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section.
|
||||
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
|
||||
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
|
||||
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.<br>
|
||||
K. In any section entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
|
||||
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
|
||||
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
|
||||
and/or dedications given therein.<br>
|
||||
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
||||
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
||||
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.<br>
|
||||
M. Delete any section entitled “Endorsements.” Such a section
|
||||
may not be included in the Modified Version.<br>
|
||||
N. Do not retitle any existing section as “Endorsements”
|
||||
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.<br>
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
||||
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
|
||||
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
|
||||
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
|
||||
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
|
||||
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may add a section entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
|
||||
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
||||
parties–for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
|
||||
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
|
||||
standard.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
|
||||
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
|
||||
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
|
||||
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
|
||||
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
|
||||
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
|
||||
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
|
||||
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
|
||||
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
|
||||
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
|
||||
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
|
||||
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
|
||||
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
|
||||
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
|
||||
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
|
||||
license notice.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
||||
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
||||
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
|
||||
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
|
||||
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
|
||||
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
|
||||
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
|
||||
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled “History”
|
||||
in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
|
||||
“History”; likewise combine any sections entitled “Acknowledgements”,
|
||||
and any sections entitled “Dedications.” You must delete all sections
|
||||
entitled “Endorsements.”
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
|
||||
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
|
||||
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
|
||||
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
|
||||
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
|
||||
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
|
||||
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
|
||||
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
|
||||
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
|
||||
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
|
||||
of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
|
||||
compilation. Such a compilation is called an “aggregate”, and this
|
||||
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
|
||||
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
|
||||
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
||||
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
|
||||
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
|
||||
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
|
||||
Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>TRANSLATION
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
||||
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
|
||||
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
||||
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
||||
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
||||
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
||||
translation of this License provided that you also include the
|
||||
original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
|
||||
between the translation and the original English version of this
|
||||
License, the original English version will prevail.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>TERMINATION
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
|
||||
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
|
||||
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
|
||||
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
|
||||
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
|
||||
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
|
||||
parties remain in full compliance.
|
||||
<pre class="sp">
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
|
||||
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
||||
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
||||
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
||||
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
|
||||
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
|
||||
License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of
|
||||
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
|
||||
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
|
||||
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
|
||||
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
|
||||
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="unnumberedsec">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
||||
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
|
||||
license notices just after the title page:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>.
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with the
|
||||
Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>.
|
||||
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
|
||||
Free Documentation License."
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>If you have no Invariant Sections, write “with no Invariant Sections”
|
||||
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
|
||||
Front-Cover Texts, write “no Front-Cover Texts” instead of
|
||||
“Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>”; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
||||
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
||||
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
|
||||
to permit their use in free software.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>How do I? - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy" title="Inaccuracy">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities" title="Incompatibilities">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="How-do-I_003f"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">Incompatibilities</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">7 Answers to Common Questions</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>How can I get more exact information about hot spots in my program?<dd>
|
||||
Looking at the per-line call counts only tells part of the story.
|
||||
Because <code>gprof</code> can only report call times and counts by function,
|
||||
the best way to get finer-grained information on where the program
|
||||
is spending its time is to re-factor large functions into sequences
|
||||
of calls to smaller ones. Beware however that this can introduce
|
||||
artificial hot spots since compiling with <span class="samp">-pg</span> adds a significant
|
||||
overhead to function calls. An alternative solution is to use a
|
||||
non-intrusive profiler, e.g. oprofile.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt>How do I find which lines in my program were executed the most times?<dd>
|
||||
Use the <code>gcov</code> program.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt>How do I find which lines in my program called a particular function?<dd>
|
||||
Use <span class="samp">gprof -l</span> and lookup the function in the call graph.
|
||||
The callers will be broken down by function and line number.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt>How do I analyze a program that runs for less than a second?<dd>
|
||||
Try using a shell script like this one:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> for i in `seq 1 100`; do
|
||||
fastprog
|
||||
mv gmon.out gmon.out.$i
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
gprof -s fastprog gmon.out.*
|
||||
|
||||
gprof fastprog gmon.sum
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>If your program is completely deterministic, all the call counts
|
||||
will be simple multiples of 100 (i.e., a function called once in
|
||||
each run will appear with a call count of 100).
|
||||
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Implementation - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
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||||
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|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Implementation"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">9.1 Implementation of Profiling</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Profiling works by changing how every function in your program is compiled
|
||||
so that when it is called, it will stash away some information about where
|
||||
it was called from. From this, the profiler can figure out what function
|
||||
called it, and can count how many times it was called. This change is made
|
||||
by the compiler when your program is compiled with the <span class="samp">-pg</span> option,
|
||||
which causes every function to call <code>mcount</code>
|
||||
(or <code>_mcount</code>, or <code>__mcount</code>, depending on the OS and compiler)
|
||||
as one of its first operations.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <code>mcount</code> routine, included in the profiling library,
|
||||
is responsible for recording in an in-memory call graph table
|
||||
both its parent routine (the child) and its parent's parent. This is
|
||||
typically done by examining the stack frame to find both
|
||||
the address of the child, and the return address in the original parent.
|
||||
Since this is a very machine-dependent operation, <code>mcount</code>
|
||||
itself is typically a short assembly-language stub routine
|
||||
that extracts the required
|
||||
information, and then calls <code>__mcount_internal</code>
|
||||
(a normal C function) with two arguments—<code>frompc</code> and <code>selfpc</code>.
|
||||
<code>__mcount_internal</code> is responsible for maintaining
|
||||
the in-memory call graph, which records <code>frompc</code>, <code>selfpc</code>,
|
||||
and the number of times each of these call arcs was traversed.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>GCC Version 2 provides a magical function (<code>__builtin_return_address</code>),
|
||||
which allows a generic <code>mcount</code> function to extract the
|
||||
required information from the stack frame. However, on some
|
||||
architectures, most notably the SPARC, using this builtin can be
|
||||
very computationally expensive, and an assembly language version
|
||||
of <code>mcount</code> is used for performance reasons.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Number-of-calls information for library routines is collected by using a
|
||||
special version of the C library. The programs in it are the same as in
|
||||
the usual C library, but they were compiled with <span class="samp">-pg</span>. If you
|
||||
link your program with <span class="samp">gcc ... -pg</span>, it automatically uses the
|
||||
profiling version of the library.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Profiling also involves watching your program as it runs, and keeping a
|
||||
histogram of where the program counter happens to be every now and then.
|
||||
Typically the program counter is looked at around 100 times per second of
|
||||
run time, but the exact frequency may vary from system to system.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is done is one of two ways. Most UNIX-like operating systems
|
||||
provide a <code>profil()</code> system call, which registers a memory
|
||||
array with the kernel, along with a scale
|
||||
factor that determines how the program's address space maps
|
||||
into the array.
|
||||
Typical scaling values cause every 2 to 8 bytes of address space
|
||||
to map into a single array slot.
|
||||
On every tick of the system clock
|
||||
(assuming the profiled program is running), the value of the
|
||||
program counter is examined and the corresponding slot in
|
||||
the memory array is incremented. Since this is done in the kernel,
|
||||
which had to interrupt the process anyway to handle the clock
|
||||
interrupt, very little additional system overhead is required.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>However, some operating systems, most notably Linux 2.0 (and earlier),
|
||||
do not provide a <code>profil()</code> system call. On such a system,
|
||||
arrangements are made for the kernel to periodically deliver
|
||||
a signal to the process (typically via <code>setitimer()</code>),
|
||||
which then performs the same operation of examining the
|
||||
program counter and incrementing a slot in the memory array.
|
||||
Since this method requires a signal to be delivered to
|
||||
user space every time a sample is taken, it uses considerably
|
||||
more overhead than kernel-based profiling. Also, due to the
|
||||
added delay required to deliver the signal, this method is
|
||||
less accurate as well.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A special startup routine allocates memory for the histogram and
|
||||
either calls <code>profil()</code> or sets up
|
||||
a clock signal handler.
|
||||
This routine (<code>monstartup</code>) can be invoked in several ways.
|
||||
On Linux systems, a special profiling startup file <code>gcrt0.o</code>,
|
||||
which invokes <code>monstartup</code> before <code>main</code>,
|
||||
is used instead of the default <code>crt0.o</code>.
|
||||
Use of this special startup file is one of the effects
|
||||
of using <span class="samp">gcc ... -pg</span> to link.
|
||||
On SPARC systems, no special startup files are used.
|
||||
Rather, the <code>mcount</code> routine, when it is invoked for
|
||||
the first time (typically when <code>main</code> is called),
|
||||
calls <code>monstartup</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the compiler's <span class="samp">-a</span> option was used, basic-block counting
|
||||
is also enabled. Each object file is then compiled with a static array
|
||||
of counts, initially zero.
|
||||
In the executable code, every time a new basic-block begins
|
||||
(i.e., when an <code>if</code> statement appears), an extra instruction
|
||||
is inserted to increment the corresponding count in the array.
|
||||
At compile time, a paired array was constructed that recorded
|
||||
the starting address of each basic-block. Taken together,
|
||||
the two arrays record the starting address of every basic-block,
|
||||
along with the number of times it was executed.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The profiling library also includes a function (<code>mcleanup</code>) which is
|
||||
typically registered using <code>atexit()</code> to be called as the
|
||||
program exits, and is responsible for writing the file <span class="file">gmon.out</span>.
|
||||
Profiling is turned off, various headers are output, and the histogram
|
||||
is written, followed by the call-graph arcs and the basic-block counts.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The output from <code>gprof</code> gives no indication of parts of your program that
|
||||
are limited by I/O or swapping bandwidth. This is because samples of the
|
||||
program counter are taken at fixed intervals of the program's run time.
|
||||
Therefore, the
|
||||
time measurements in <code>gprof</code> output say nothing about time that your
|
||||
program was not running. For example, a part of the program that creates
|
||||
so much data that it cannot all fit in physical memory at once may run very
|
||||
slowly due to thrashing, but <code>gprof</code> will say it uses little time. On
|
||||
the other hand, sampling by run time has the advantage that the amount of
|
||||
load due to other users won't directly affect the output you get.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Inaccuracy - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Inaccuracy"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f">How do I?</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">6 Inaccuracy of <code>gprof</code> Output</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="menu">
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">Sampling Error</a>: Statistical margins of error
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions">Assumptions</a>: Estimating children times
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Incompatibilities - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
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<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
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|
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|
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|
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This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Incompatibilities"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f">How do I?</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">8 Incompatibilities with Unix <code>gprof</code></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> and Berkeley Unix <code>gprof</code> use the same data
|
||||
file <span class="file">gmon.out</span>, and provide essentially the same information. But
|
||||
there are a few differences.
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> uses a new, generalized file format with support
|
||||
for basic-block execution counts and non-realtime histograms. A magic
|
||||
cookie and version number allows <code>gprof</code> to easily identify
|
||||
new style files. Old BSD-style files can still be read.
|
||||
See <a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">Profiling Data File Format</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>For a recursive function, Unix <code>gprof</code> lists the function as a
|
||||
parent and as a child, with a <code>calls</code> field that lists the number
|
||||
of recursive calls. <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> omits these lines and puts
|
||||
the number of recursive calls in the primary line.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>When a function is suppressed from the call graph with <span class="samp">-e</span>, <span class="sc">gnu</span>
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> still lists it as a subroutine of functions that call it.
|
||||
|
||||
<li><span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> accepts the <span class="samp">-k</span> with its argument
|
||||
in the form <span class="samp">from/to</span>, instead of <span class="samp">from to</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>In the annotated source listing,
|
||||
if there are multiple basic blocks on the same line,
|
||||
<span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> prints all of their counts, separated by commas.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>The blurbs, field widths, and output formats are different. <span class="sc">gnu</span>
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> prints blurbs after the tables, so that you can see the
|
||||
tables without skipping the blurbs.
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Internals - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
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|
||||
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|
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<link rel="prev" href="File-Format.html#File-Format" title="File Format">
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|
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|
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|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Internals"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Debugging.html#Debugging">Debugging</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="File-Format.html#File-Format">File Format</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>gprof</code>'s Internal Operation</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Like most programs, <code>gprof</code> begins by processing its options.
|
||||
During this stage, it may building its symspec list
|
||||
(<code>sym_ids.c:sym_id_add</code>), if
|
||||
options are specified which use symspecs.
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> maintains a single linked list of symspecs,
|
||||
which will eventually get turned into 12 symbol tables,
|
||||
organized into six include/exclude pairs—one
|
||||
pair each for the flat profile (INCL_FLAT/EXCL_FLAT),
|
||||
the call graph arcs (INCL_ARCS/EXCL_ARCS),
|
||||
printing in the call graph (INCL_GRAPH/EXCL_GRAPH),
|
||||
timing propagation in the call graph (INCL_TIME/EXCL_TIME),
|
||||
the annotated source listing (INCL_ANNO/EXCL_ANNO),
|
||||
and the execution count listing (INCL_EXEC/EXCL_EXEC).
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After option processing, <code>gprof</code> finishes
|
||||
building the symspec list by adding all the symspecs in
|
||||
<code>default_excluded_list</code> to the exclude lists
|
||||
EXCL_TIME and EXCL_GRAPH, and if line-by-line profiling is specified,
|
||||
EXCL_FLAT as well.
|
||||
These default excludes are not added to EXCL_ANNO, EXCL_ARCS, and EXCL_EXEC.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Next, the BFD library is called to open the object file,
|
||||
verify that it is an object file,
|
||||
and read its symbol table (<code>core.c:core_init</code>),
|
||||
using <code>bfd_canonicalize_symtab</code> after mallocing
|
||||
an appropriately sized array of symbols. At this point,
|
||||
function mappings are read (if the <span class="samp">--file-ordering</span> option
|
||||
has been specified), and the core text space is read into
|
||||
memory (if the <span class="samp">-c</span> option was given).
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code>gprof</code>'s own symbol table, an array of Sym structures,
|
||||
is now built.
|
||||
This is done in one of two ways, by one of two routines, depending
|
||||
on whether line-by-line profiling (<span class="samp">-l</span> option) has been
|
||||
enabled.
|
||||
For normal profiling, the BFD canonical symbol table is scanned.
|
||||
For line-by-line profiling, every
|
||||
text space address is examined, and a new symbol table entry
|
||||
gets created every time the line number changes.
|
||||
In either case, two passes are made through the symbol
|
||||
table—one to count the size of the symbol table required,
|
||||
and the other to actually read the symbols. In between the
|
||||
two passes, a single array of type <code>Sym</code> is created of
|
||||
the appropriate length.
|
||||
Finally, <code>symtab.c:symtab_finalize</code>
|
||||
is called to sort the symbol table and remove duplicate entries
|
||||
(entries with the same memory address).
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The symbol table must be a contiguous array for two reasons.
|
||||
First, the <code>qsort</code> library function (which sorts an array)
|
||||
will be used to sort the symbol table.
|
||||
Also, the symbol lookup routine (<code>symtab.c:sym_lookup</code>),
|
||||
which finds symbols
|
||||
based on memory address, uses a binary search algorithm
|
||||
which requires the symbol table to be a sorted array.
|
||||
Function symbols are indicated with an <code>is_func</code> flag.
|
||||
Line number symbols have no special flags set.
|
||||
Additionally, a symbol can have an <code>is_static</code> flag
|
||||
to indicate that it is a local symbol.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>With the symbol table read, the symspecs can now be translated
|
||||
into Syms (<code>sym_ids.c:sym_id_parse</code>). Remember that a single
|
||||
symspec can match multiple symbols.
|
||||
An array of symbol tables
|
||||
(<code>syms</code>) is created, each entry of which is a symbol table
|
||||
of Syms to be included or excluded from a particular listing.
|
||||
The master symbol table and the symspecs are examined by nested
|
||||
loops, and every symbol that matches a symspec is inserted
|
||||
into the appropriate syms table. This is done twice, once to
|
||||
count the size of each required symbol table, and again to build
|
||||
the tables, which have been malloced between passes.
|
||||
From now on, to determine whether a symbol is on an include
|
||||
or exclude symspec list, <code>gprof</code> simply uses its
|
||||
standard symbol lookup routine on the appropriate table
|
||||
in the <code>syms</code> array.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now the profile data file(s) themselves are read
|
||||
(<code>gmon_io.c:gmon_out_read</code>),
|
||||
first by checking for a new-style <span class="samp">gmon.out</span> header,
|
||||
then assuming this is an old-style BSD <span class="samp">gmon.out</span>
|
||||
if the magic number test failed.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>New-style histogram records are read by <code>hist.c:hist_read_rec</code>.
|
||||
For the first histogram record, allocate a memory array to hold
|
||||
all the bins, and read them in.
|
||||
When multiple profile data files (or files with multiple histogram
|
||||
records) are read, the memory ranges of each pair of histogram records
|
||||
must be either equal, or non-overlapping. For each pair of histogram
|
||||
records, the resolution (memory region size divided by the number of
|
||||
bins) must be the same. The time unit must be the same for all
|
||||
histogram records. If the above containts are met, all histograms
|
||||
for the same memory range are merged.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As each call graph record is read (<code>call_graph.c:cg_read_rec</code>),
|
||||
the parent and child addresses
|
||||
are matched to symbol table entries, and a call graph arc is
|
||||
created by <code>cg_arcs.c:arc_add</code>, unless the arc fails a symspec
|
||||
check against INCL_ARCS/EXCL_ARCS. As each arc is added,
|
||||
a linked list is maintained of the parent's child arcs, and of the child's
|
||||
parent arcs.
|
||||
Both the child's call count and the arc's call count are
|
||||
incremented by the record's call count.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Basic-block records are read (<code>basic_blocks.c:bb_read_rec</code>),
|
||||
but only if line-by-line profiling has been selected.
|
||||
Each basic-block address is matched to a corresponding line
|
||||
symbol in the symbol table, and an entry made in the symbol's
|
||||
bb_addr and bb_calls arrays. Again, if multiple basic-block
|
||||
records are present for the same address, the call counts
|
||||
are cumulative.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A gmon.sum file is dumped, if requested (<code>gmon_io.c:gmon_out_write</code>).
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If histograms were present in the data files, assign them to symbols
|
||||
(<code>hist.c:hist_assign_samples</code>) by iterating over all the sample
|
||||
bins and assigning them to symbols. Since the symbol table
|
||||
is sorted in order of ascending memory addresses, we can
|
||||
simple follow along in the symbol table as we make our pass
|
||||
over the sample bins.
|
||||
This step includes a symspec check against INCL_FLAT/EXCL_FLAT.
|
||||
Depending on the histogram
|
||||
scale factor, a sample bin may span multiple symbols,
|
||||
in which case a fraction of the sample count is allocated
|
||||
to each symbol, proportional to the degree of overlap.
|
||||
This effect is rare for normal profiling, but overlaps
|
||||
are more common during line-by-line profiling, and can
|
||||
cause each of two adjacent lines to be credited with half
|
||||
a hit, for example.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If call graph data is present, <code>cg_arcs.c:cg_assemble</code> is called.
|
||||
First, if <span class="samp">-c</span> was specified, a machine-dependent
|
||||
routine (<code>find_call</code>) scans through each symbol's machine code,
|
||||
looking for subroutine call instructions, and adding them
|
||||
to the call graph with a zero call count.
|
||||
A topological sort is performed by depth-first numbering
|
||||
all the symbols (<code>cg_dfn.c:cg_dfn</code>), so that
|
||||
children are always numbered less than their parents,
|
||||
then making a array of pointers into the symbol table and sorting it into
|
||||
numerical order, which is reverse topological
|
||||
order (children appear before parents).
|
||||
Cycles are also detected at this point, all members
|
||||
of which are assigned the same topological number.
|
||||
Two passes are now made through this sorted array of symbol pointers.
|
||||
The first pass, from end to beginning (parents to children),
|
||||
computes the fraction of child time to propagate to each parent
|
||||
and a print flag.
|
||||
The print flag reflects symspec handling of INCL_GRAPH/EXCL_GRAPH,
|
||||
with a parent's include or exclude (print or no print) property
|
||||
being propagated to its children, unless they themselves explicitly appear
|
||||
in INCL_GRAPH or EXCL_GRAPH.
|
||||
A second pass, from beginning to end (children to parents) actually
|
||||
propagates the timings along the call graph, subject
|
||||
to a check against INCL_TIME/EXCL_TIME.
|
||||
With the print flag, fractions, and timings now stored in the symbol
|
||||
structures, the topological sort array is now discarded, and a
|
||||
new array of pointers is assembled, this time sorted by propagated time.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Finally, print the various outputs the user requested, which is now fairly
|
||||
straightforward. The call graph (<code>cg_print.c:cg_print</code>) and
|
||||
flat profile (<code>hist.c:hist_print</code>) are regurgitations of values
|
||||
already computed. The annotated source listing
|
||||
(<code>basic_blocks.c:print_annotated_source</code>) uses basic-block
|
||||
information, if present, to label each line of code with call counts,
|
||||
otherwise only the function call counts are presented.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The function ordering code is marginally well documented
|
||||
in the source code itself (<code>cg_print.c</code>). Basically,
|
||||
the functions with the most use and the most parents are
|
||||
placed first, followed by other functions with the most use,
|
||||
followed by lower use functions, followed by unused functions
|
||||
at the end.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Introduction - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="index.html#Top" title="Top">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Compiling.html#Compiling" title="Compiling">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Introduction"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Compiling.html#Compiling">Compiling</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction to Profiling</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Profiling allows you to learn where your program spent its time and which
|
||||
functions called which other functions while it was executing. This
|
||||
information can show you which pieces of your program are slower than you
|
||||
expected, and might be candidates for rewriting to make your program
|
||||
execute faster. It can also tell you which functions are being called more
|
||||
or less often than you expected. This may help you spot bugs that had
|
||||
otherwise been unnoticed.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Since the profiler uses information collected during the actual execution
|
||||
of your program, it can be used on programs that are too large or too
|
||||
complex to analyze by reading the source. However, how your program is run
|
||||
will affect the information that shows up in the profile data. If you
|
||||
don't use some feature of your program while it is being profiled, no
|
||||
profile information will be generated for that feature.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Profiling has several steps:
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>You must compile and link your program with profiling enabled.
|
||||
See <a href="Compiling.html#Compiling">Compiling a Program for Profiling</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>You must execute your program to generate a profile data file.
|
||||
See <a href="Executing.html#Executing">Executing the Program</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>You must run <code>gprof</code> to analyze the profile data.
|
||||
See <a href="Invoking.html#Invoking"><code>gprof</code> Command Summary</a>.
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The next three chapters explain these steps in greater detail.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- man begin DESCRIPTION -->
|
||||
<p>Several forms of output are available from the analysis.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <dfn>flat profile</dfn> shows how much time your program spent in each function,
|
||||
and how many times that function was called. If you simply want to know
|
||||
which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.
|
||||
See <a href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">The Flat Profile</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <dfn>call graph</dfn> shows, for each function, which functions called it, which
|
||||
other functions it called, and how many times. There is also an estimate
|
||||
of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function. This can
|
||||
suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a
|
||||
lot of time. See <a href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">The Call Graph</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <dfn>annotated source</dfn> listing is a copy of the program's
|
||||
source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the
|
||||
program was executed. See <a href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">The Annotated Source Listing</a>.
|
||||
<!-- man end -->
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To better understand how profiling works, you may wish to read
|
||||
a description of its implementation.
|
||||
See <a href="Implementation.html#Implementation">Implementation of Profiling</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Invoking - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Executing.html#Executing" title="Executing">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Output.html#Output" title="Output">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Invoking"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Executing.html#Executing">Executing</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">4 <code>gprof</code> Command Summary</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After you have a profile data file <span class="file">gmon.out</span>, you can run <code>gprof</code>
|
||||
to interpret the information in it. The <code>gprof</code> program prints a
|
||||
flat profile and a call graph on standard output. Typically you would
|
||||
redirect the output of <code>gprof</code> into a file with <span class="samp">></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You run <code>gprof</code> like this:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> gprof <var>options</var> [<var>executable-file</var> [<var>profile-data-files</var>...]] [> <var>outfile</var>]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">Here square-brackets indicate optional arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you omit the executable file name, the file <span class="file">a.out</span> is used. If
|
||||
you give no profile data file name, the file <span class="file">gmon.out</span> is used. If
|
||||
any file is not in the proper format, or if the profile data file does not
|
||||
appear to belong to the executable file, an error message is printed.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can give more than one profile data file by entering all their names
|
||||
after the executable file name; then the statistics in all the data files
|
||||
are summed together.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The order of these options does not matter.
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="menu">
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options">Output Options</a>: Controlling <code>gprof</code>'s output style
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options">Analysis Options</a>: Controlling how <code>gprof</code> analyzes its data
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options">Miscellaneous Options</a>
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options">Deprecated Options</a>: Options you no longer need to use, but which
|
||||
have been retained for compatibility
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="5" href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs">Symspecs</a>: Specifying functions to include or exclude
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Line-by-line - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Output.html#Output" title="Output">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" title="Call Graph">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source" title="Annotated Source">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Line_002dby_002dline"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">Annotated Source</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">5.3 Line-by-line Profiling</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code>gprof</code>'s <span class="samp">-l</span> option causes the program to perform
|
||||
<dfn>line-by-line</dfn> profiling. In this mode, histogram
|
||||
samples are assigned not to functions, but to individual
|
||||
lines of source code. This only works with programs compiled with
|
||||
older versions of the <code>gcc</code> compiler. Newer versions of <code>gcc</code>
|
||||
use a different program - <code>gcov</code> - to display line-by-line
|
||||
profiling information.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>With the older versions of <code>gcc</code> the program usually has to be
|
||||
compiled with a <span class="samp">-g</span> option, in addition to <span class="samp">-pg</span>, in order
|
||||
to generate debugging symbols for tracking source code lines.
|
||||
Note, in much older versions of <code>gcc</code> the program had to be
|
||||
compiled with the <span class="samp">-a</span> command line option as well.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The flat profile is the most useful output table
|
||||
in line-by-line mode.
|
||||
The call graph isn't as useful as normal, since
|
||||
the current version of <code>gprof</code> does not propagate
|
||||
call graph arcs from source code lines to the enclosing function.
|
||||
The call graph does, however, show each line of code
|
||||
that called each function, along with a count.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here is a section of <code>gprof</code>'s output, without line-by-line profiling.
|
||||
Note that <code>ct_init</code> accounted for four histogram hits, and
|
||||
13327 calls to <code>init_block</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> Flat profile:
|
||||
|
||||
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
|
||||
% cumulative self self total
|
||||
time seconds seconds calls us/call us/call name
|
||||
30.77 0.13 0.04 6335 6.31 6.31 ct_init
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Call graph (explanation follows)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
granularity: each sample hit covers 4 byte(s) for 7.69% of 0.13 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
index % time self children called name
|
||||
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/13496 name_too_long
|
||||
0.00 0.00 40/13496 deflate
|
||||
0.00 0.00 128/13496 deflate_fast
|
||||
0.00 0.00 13327/13496 ct_init
|
||||
[7] 0.0 0.00 0.00 13496 init_block
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Now let's look at some of <code>gprof</code>'s output from the same program run,
|
||||
this time with line-by-line profiling enabled. Note that <code>ct_init</code>'s
|
||||
four histogram hits are broken down into four lines of source code—one hit
|
||||
occurred on each of lines 349, 351, 382 and 385. In the call graph,
|
||||
note how
|
||||
<code>ct_init</code>'s 13327 calls to <code>init_block</code> are broken down
|
||||
into one call from line 396, 3071 calls from line 384, 3730 calls
|
||||
from line 385, and 6525 calls from 387.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> Flat profile:
|
||||
|
||||
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
|
||||
% cumulative self
|
||||
time seconds seconds calls name
|
||||
7.69 0.10 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:349)
|
||||
7.69 0.11 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:351)
|
||||
7.69 0.12 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:382)
|
||||
7.69 0.13 0.01 ct_init (trees.c:385)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Call graph (explanation follows)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
granularity: each sample hit covers 4 byte(s) for 7.69% of 0.13 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
% time self children called name
|
||||
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/13496 name_too_long (gzip.c:1440)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/13496 deflate (deflate.c:763)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 1/13496 ct_init (trees.c:396)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 2/13496 deflate (deflate.c:727)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 4/13496 deflate (deflate.c:686)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 5/13496 deflate (deflate.c:675)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 12/13496 deflate (deflate.c:679)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 16/13496 deflate (deflate.c:730)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 128/13496 deflate_fast (deflate.c:654)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 3071/13496 ct_init (trees.c:384)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 3730/13496 ct_init (trees.c:385)
|
||||
0.00 0.00 6525/13496 ct_init (trees.c:387)
|
||||
[6] 0.0 0.00 0.00 13496 init_block (trees.c:408)
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Miscellaneous Options - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options" title="Analysis Options">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options" title="Deprecated Options">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
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<style type="text/css"><!--
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Miscellaneous-Options"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options">Deprecated Options</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options">Analysis Options</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">4.3 Miscellaneous Options</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>-d[</code><var>num</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--debug[=</code><var>num</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-d </span><var>num</var> option specifies debugging options.
|
||||
If <var>num</var> is not specified, enable all debugging.
|
||||
See <a href="Debugging.html#Debugging">Debugging <code>gprof</code></a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-h</code><dt><code>--help</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-h</span> option prints command line usage.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-O</code><var>name</var><dt><code>--file-format=</code><var>name</var><dd>Selects the format of the profile data files. Recognized formats are
|
||||
<span class="samp">auto</span> (the default), <span class="samp">bsd</span>, <span class="samp">4.4bsd</span>, <span class="samp">magic</span>, and
|
||||
<span class="samp">prof</span> (not yet supported).
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-s</code><dt><code>--sum</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-s</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to summarize the information
|
||||
in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data
|
||||
file called <span class="file">gmon.sum</span>, which contains all the information from
|
||||
the profile data files that <code>gprof</code> read in. The file <span class="file">gmon.sum</span>
|
||||
may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to
|
||||
merge the data in the other input files into <span class="file">gmon.sum</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Eventually you can run <code>gprof</code> again without <span class="samp">-s</span> to analyze the
|
||||
cumulative data in the file <span class="file">gmon.sum</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-v</code><dt><code>--version</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-v</span> flag causes <code>gprof</code> to print the current version
|
||||
number, and then exit.
|
||||
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Output Options - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options" title="Analysis Options">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
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|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Output-Options"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options">Analysis Options</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">4.1 Output Options</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- man begin OPTIONS -->
|
||||
<p>These options specify which of several output formats
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> should produce.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many of these options take an optional <dfn>symspec</dfn> to specify
|
||||
functions to be included or excluded. These options can be
|
||||
specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include
|
||||
or exclude sets of symbols. See <a href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs">Symspecs</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Specifying any of these options overrides the default (<span class="samp">-p -q</span>),
|
||||
which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis
|
||||
for all functions.
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>-A[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--annotated-source[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-A</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to print annotated source code.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, print output only for matching symbols.
|
||||
See <a href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">The Annotated Source Listing</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-b</code><dt><code>--brief</code><dd>If the <span class="samp">-b</span> option is given, <code>gprof</code> doesn't print the
|
||||
verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in
|
||||
the tables. This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or
|
||||
are tired of seeing the blurbs.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-C[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--exec-counts[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-C</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to
|
||||
print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying
|
||||
the <span class="samp">-l</span> option, along with <span class="samp">-C</span>, will cause basic-block
|
||||
execution counts to be tallied and displayed.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-i</code><dt><code>--file-info</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-i</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to display summary information
|
||||
about the profile data file(s) and then exit. The number of histogram,
|
||||
call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-I </code><var>dirs</var><dt><code>--directory-path=</code><var>dirs</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-I</span> option specifies a list of search directories in
|
||||
which to find source files. Environment variable <var>GPROF_PATH</var>
|
||||
can also be used to convey this information.
|
||||
Used mostly for annotated source output.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-J[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--no-annotated-source[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-J</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> not to
|
||||
print annotated source code.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, <code>gprof</code> prints annotated source,
|
||||
but excludes matching symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-L</code><dt><code>--print-path</code><dd>Normally, source filenames are printed with the path
|
||||
component suppressed. The <span class="samp">-L</span> option causes <code>gprof</code>
|
||||
to print the full pathname of
|
||||
source filenames, which is determined
|
||||
from symbolic debugging information in the image file
|
||||
and is relative to the directory in which the compiler
|
||||
was invoked.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-p[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--flat-profile[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-p</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to print a flat profile.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.
|
||||
See <a href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">The Flat Profile</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-P[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--no-flat-profile[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-P</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to suppress printing a flat profile.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, <code>gprof</code> prints a flat profile,
|
||||
but excludes matching symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-q[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--graph[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-q</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to print the call graph analysis.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols
|
||||
and their children.
|
||||
See <a href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">The Call Graph</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-Q[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--no-graph[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-Q</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to suppress printing the
|
||||
call graph.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, <code>gprof</code> prints a call graph,
|
||||
but excludes matching symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-t</code><dt><code>--table-length=</code><var>num</var><dd>The <span class="samp">-t</span> option causes the <var>num</var> most active source lines in
|
||||
each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled. The
|
||||
default is 10.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-y</code><dt><code>--separate-files</code><dd>This option affects annotated source output only.
|
||||
Normally, <code>gprof</code> prints annotated source files
|
||||
to standard-output. If this option is specified,
|
||||
annotated source for a file named <span class="file">path/</span><var>filename</var>
|
||||
is generated in the file <var>filename</var><span class="file">-ann</span>. If the underlying
|
||||
file system would truncate <var>filename</var><span class="file">-ann</span> so that it
|
||||
overwrites the original <var>filename</var>, <code>gprof</code> generates
|
||||
annotated source in the file <var>filename</var><span class="file">.ann</span> instead (if the
|
||||
original file name has an extension, that extension is <em>replaced</em>
|
||||
with <span class="file">.ann</span>).
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-Z[</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--no-exec-counts[=</code><var>symspec</var><code>]</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-Z</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> not to
|
||||
print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.
|
||||
If <var>symspec</var> is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-r</code><dt><code>--function-ordering</code><dd>The <span class="samp">--function-ordering</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to print a
|
||||
suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data.
|
||||
This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and
|
||||
cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary
|
||||
ordering of functions in an executable.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions
|
||||
in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this
|
||||
manual.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-R </code><var>map_file</var><dt><code>--file-ordering </code><var>map_file</var><dd>The <span class="samp">--file-ordering</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to print a
|
||||
suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data.
|
||||
This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and
|
||||
cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary
|
||||
ordering of functions in an executable.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Use of the <span class="samp">-a</span> argument is highly recommended with this option.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <var>map_file</var> argument is a pathname to a file which provides
|
||||
function name to object file mappings. The format of the file is similar to
|
||||
the output of the program <code>nm</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse
|
||||
c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag
|
||||
c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name
|
||||
c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics
|
||||
c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword
|
||||
c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier
|
||||
c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type
|
||||
...
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>To create a <var>map_file</var> with <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>nm</code>, type a command like
|
||||
<kbd>nm --extern-only --defined-only -v --print-file-name program-name</kbd>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-T</code><dt><code>--traditional</code><dd>The <span class="samp">-T</span> option causes <code>gprof</code> to print its output in
|
||||
“traditional” BSD style.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-w </code><var>width</var><dt><code>--width=</code><var>width</var><dd>Sets width of output lines to <var>width</var>.
|
||||
Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom
|
||||
of the call graph.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>-x</code><dt><code>--all-lines</code><dd>This option affects annotated source output only.
|
||||
By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block
|
||||
are annotated. If this option is specified, every line in
|
||||
a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the
|
||||
first line. This behavior is similar to <code>tcov</code>'s <span class="samp">-a</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>--demangle[=</code><var>style</var><code>]</code><dt><code>--no-demangle</code><dd>These options control whether C++ symbol names should be demangled when
|
||||
printing output. The default is to demangle symbols. The
|
||||
<code>--no-demangle</code> option may be used to turn off demangling. Different
|
||||
compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style
|
||||
argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
|
||||
compiler.
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Output - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy" title="Inaccuracy">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
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|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
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|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
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|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Output"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapter">5 Interpreting <code>gprof</code>'s Output</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code>gprof</code> can produce several different output styles, the
|
||||
most important of which are described below. The simplest output
|
||||
styles (file information, execution count, and function and file ordering)
|
||||
are not described here, but are documented with the respective options
|
||||
that trigger them.
|
||||
See <a href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options">Output Options</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="menu">
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">Flat Profile</a>: The flat profile shows how much time was spent
|
||||
executing directly in each function.
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>: The call graph shows which functions called which
|
||||
others, and how much time each function used
|
||||
when its subroutine calls are included.
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">Line-by-line</a>: <code>gprof</code> can analyze individual source code lines
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">Annotated Source</a>: The annotated source listing displays source code
|
||||
labeled with execution counts
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Primary - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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<link rel="next" href="Callers.html#Callers" title="Callers">
|
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<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
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|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
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|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Primary"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Callers.html#Callers">Callers</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">5.2.1 The Primary Line</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <dfn>primary line</dfn> in a call graph entry is the line that
|
||||
describes the function which the entry is about and gives the overall
|
||||
statistics for this function.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For reference, we repeat the primary line from the entry for function
|
||||
<code>report</code> in our main example, together with the heading line that
|
||||
shows the names of the fields:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> index % time self children called name
|
||||
...
|
||||
[3] 100.0 0.00 0.05 1 report [3]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Here is what the fields in the primary line mean:
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>index</code><dd>Entries are numbered with consecutive integers. Each function
|
||||
therefore has an index number, which appears at the beginning of its
|
||||
primary line.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Each cross-reference to a function, as a caller or subroutine of
|
||||
another, gives its index number as well as its name. The index number
|
||||
guides you if you wish to look for the entry for that function.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>% time</code><dd>This is the percentage of the total time that was spent in this
|
||||
function, including time spent in subroutines called from this
|
||||
function.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The time spent in this function is counted again for the callers of
|
||||
this function. Therefore, adding up these percentages is meaningless.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>self</code><dd>This is the total amount of time spent in this function. This
|
||||
should be identical to the number printed in the <code>seconds</code> field
|
||||
for this function in the flat profile.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>children</code><dd>This is the total amount of time spent in the subroutine calls made by
|
||||
this function. This should be equal to the sum of all the <code>self</code>
|
||||
and <code>children</code> entries of the children listed directly below this
|
||||
function.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>called</code><dd>This is the number of times the function was called.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the function called itself recursively, there are two numbers,
|
||||
separated by a <span class="samp">+</span>. The first number counts non-recursive calls,
|
||||
and the second counts recursive calls.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In the example above, the function <code>report</code> was called once from
|
||||
<code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>name</code><dd>This is the name of the current function. The index number is
|
||||
repeated after it.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the function is part of a cycle of recursion, the cycle number is
|
||||
printed between the function's name and the index number
|
||||
(see <a href="Cycles.html#Cycles">How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described</a>).
|
||||
For example, if function <code>gnurr</code> is part of
|
||||
cycle number one, and has index number twelve, its primary line would
|
||||
be end like this:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> gnurr <cycle 1> [12]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Sampling Error - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy" title="Inaccuracy">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions" title="Assumptions">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
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|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Sampling-Error"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions">Assumptions</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">6.1 Statistical Sampling Error</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The run-time figures that <code>gprof</code> gives you are based on a sampling
|
||||
process, so they are subject to statistical inaccuracy. If a function runs
|
||||
only a small amount of time, so that on the average the sampling process
|
||||
ought to catch that function in the act only once, there is a pretty good
|
||||
chance it will actually find that function zero times, or twice.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>By contrast, the number-of-calls and basic-block figures
|
||||
are derived by counting, not
|
||||
sampling. They are completely accurate and will not vary from run to run
|
||||
if your program is deterministic.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <dfn>sampling period</dfn> that is printed at the beginning of the flat
|
||||
profile says how often samples are taken. The rule of thumb is that a
|
||||
run-time figure is accurate if it is considerably bigger than the sampling
|
||||
period.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The actual amount of error can be predicted.
|
||||
For <var>n</var> samples, the <em>expected</em> error
|
||||
is the square-root of <var>n</var>. For example,
|
||||
if the sampling period is 0.01 seconds and <code>foo</code>'s run-time is 1 second,
|
||||
<var>n</var> is 100 samples (1 second/0.01 seconds), sqrt(<var>n</var>) is 10 samples, so
|
||||
the expected error in <code>foo</code>'s run-time is 0.1 seconds (10*0.01 seconds),
|
||||
or ten percent of the observed value.
|
||||
Again, if the sampling period is 0.01 seconds and <code>bar</code>'s run-time is
|
||||
100 seconds, <var>n</var> is 10000 samples, sqrt(<var>n</var>) is 100 samples, so
|
||||
the expected error in <code>bar</code>'s run-time is 1 second,
|
||||
or one percent of the observed value.
|
||||
It is likely to
|
||||
vary this much <em>on the average</em> from one profiling run to the next.
|
||||
(<em>Sometimes</em> it will vary more.)
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This does not mean that a small run-time figure is devoid of information.
|
||||
If the program's <em>total</em> run-time is large, a small run-time for one
|
||||
function does tell you that that function used an insignificant fraction of
|
||||
the whole program's time. Usually this means it is not worth optimizing.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>One way to get more accuracy is to give your program more (but similar)
|
||||
input data so it will take longer. Another way is to combine the data from
|
||||
several runs, using the <span class="samp">-s</span> option of <code>gprof</code>. Here is how:
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type=1 start=1>
|
||||
<li>Run your program once.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Issue the command <span class="samp">mv gmon.out gmon.sum</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Run your program again, the same as before.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Merge the new data in <span class="file">gmon.out</span> into <span class="file">gmon.sum</span> with this command:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> gprof -s <var>executable-file</var> gmon.out gmon.sum
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<li>Repeat the last two steps as often as you wish.
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Analyze the cumulative data using this command:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> gprof <var>executable-file</var> gmon.sum > <var>output-file</var>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Subroutines - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" title="Call Graph">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Callers.html#Callers" title="Callers">
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="Cycles.html#Cycles" title="Cycles">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
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|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Subroutines"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Cycles.html#Cycles">Cycles</a>,
|
||||
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Callers.html#Callers">Callers</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">Call Graph</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 class="subsection">5.2.3 Lines for a Function's Subroutines</h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A function's entry has a line for each of its subroutines—in other
|
||||
words, a line for each other function that it called. These lines'
|
||||
fields correspond to the fields of the primary line, but their meanings
|
||||
are different because of the difference in context.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For reference, we repeat two lines from the entry for the function
|
||||
<code>main</code>, the primary line and a line for a subroutine, together
|
||||
with the heading line that shows the names of the fields:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="smallexample"> index % time self children called name
|
||||
...
|
||||
[2] 100.0 0.00 0.05 1 main [2]
|
||||
0.00 0.05 1/1 report [3]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Here are the meanings of the fields in the subroutine-line for <code>main</code>
|
||||
calling <code>report</code>:
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>self</code><dd>An estimate of the amount of time spent directly within <code>report</code>
|
||||
when <code>report</code> was called from <code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>children</code><dd>An estimate of the amount of time spent in subroutines of <code>report</code>
|
||||
when <code>report</code> was called from <code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The sum of the <code>self</code> and <code>children</code> fields is an estimate
|
||||
of the total time spent in calls to <code>report</code> from <code>main</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>called</code><dd>Two numbers, the number of calls to <code>report</code> from <code>main</code>
|
||||
followed by the total number of non-recursive calls to <code>report</code>.
|
||||
This ratio is used to determine how much of <code>report</code>'s <code>self</code>
|
||||
and <code>children</code> time gets credited to <code>main</code>.
|
||||
See <a href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions">Estimating <code>children</code> Times</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><code>name</code><dd>The name of the subroutine of <code>main</code> to which this line applies,
|
||||
followed by the subroutine's index number.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the caller is part of a recursion cycle, the cycle number is
|
||||
printed between the name and the index number.
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Symspecs - GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
|
||||
<link rel="up" href="Invoking.html#Invoking" title="Invoking">
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options" title="Deprecated Options">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Symspecs"></a>Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options">Deprecated Options</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h3 class="section">4.5 Symspecs</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many of the output options allow functions to be included or excluded
|
||||
using <dfn>symspecs</dfn> (symbol specifications), which observe the
|
||||
following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="example"> filename_containing_a_dot
|
||||
| funcname_not_containing_a_dot
|
||||
| linenumber
|
||||
| ( [ any_filename ] `:' ( any_funcname | linenumber ) )
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Here are some sample symspecs:
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><span class="samp">main.c</span><dd>Selects everything in file <span class="file">main.c</span>—the
|
||||
dot in the string tells <code>gprof</code> to interpret
|
||||
the string as a filename, rather than as
|
||||
a function name. To select a file whose
|
||||
name does not contain a dot, a trailing colon
|
||||
should be specified. For example, <span class="samp">odd:</span> is
|
||||
interpreted as the file named <span class="file">odd</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><span class="samp">main</span><dd>Selects all functions named <span class="samp">main</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Note that there may be multiple instances of the same function name
|
||||
because some of the definitions may be local (i.e., static). Unless a
|
||||
function name is unique in a program, you must use the colon notation
|
||||
explained below to specify a function from a specific source file.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Sometimes, function names contain dots. In such cases, it is necessary
|
||||
to add a leading colon to the name. For example, <span class="samp">:.mul</span> selects
|
||||
function <span class="samp">.mul</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In some object file formats, symbols have a leading underscore.
|
||||
<code>gprof</code> will normally not print these underscores. When you name a
|
||||
symbol in a symspec, you should type it exactly as <code>gprof</code> prints
|
||||
it in its output. For example, if the compiler produces a symbol
|
||||
<span class="samp">_main</span> from your <code>main</code> function, <code>gprof</code> still prints
|
||||
it as <span class="samp">main</span> in its output, so you should use <span class="samp">main</span> in
|
||||
symspecs.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><span class="samp">main.c:main</span><dd>Selects function <span class="samp">main</span> in file <span class="file">main.c</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<br><dt><span class="samp">main.c:134</span><dd>Selects line 134 in file <span class="file">main.c</span>.
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
|||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>GNU gprof</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="GNU gprof">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.7">
|
||||
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="#Top">
|
||||
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
This file documents the gprof profiler of the GNU system.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||||
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
||||
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
|
||||
|
||||
man end-->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
|
||||
<style type="text/css"><!--
|
||||
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
|
||||
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
|
||||
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
|
||||
span.roman { font-family: serif; font-weight: normal; }
|
||||
--></style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1 class="settitle">GNU gprof</h1>
|
||||
<div class="contents">
|
||||
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="index.html#Top">Profiling a Program: Where Does It Spend Its Time?</a>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Introduction" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">1 Introduction to Profiling</a>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Compiling" href="Compiling.html#Compiling">2 Compiling a Program for Profiling</a>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Executing" href="Executing.html#Executing">3 Executing the Program</a>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Invoking" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">4 <code>gprof</code> Command Summary</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options">4.1 Output Options</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options">4.2 Analysis Options</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options">4.3 Miscellaneous Options</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options">4.4 Deprecated Options</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs">4.5 Symspecs</a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Output" href="Output.html#Output">5 Interpreting <code>gprof</code>'s Output</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">5.1 The Flat Profile</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">5.2 The Call Graph</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Primary.html#Primary">5.2.1 The Primary Line</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Callers.html#Callers">5.2.2 Lines for a Function's Callers</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines">5.2.3 Lines for a Function's Subroutines</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Cycles.html#Cycles">5.2.4 How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described</a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">5.3 Line-by-line Profiling</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">5.4 The Annotated Source Listing</a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Inaccuracy" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">6 Inaccuracy of <code>gprof</code> Output</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">6.1 Statistical Sampling Error</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions">6.2 Estimating <code>children</code> Times</a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_How-do-I_003f" href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f">7 Answers to Common Questions</a>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Incompatibilities" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">8 Incompatibilities with Unix <code>gprof</code></a>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_Details" href="Details.html#Details">9 Details of Profiling</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Implementation.html#Implementation">9.1 Implementation of Profiling</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">9.2 Profiling Data File Format</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">9.2.1 Histogram Records</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">9.2.2 Call-Graph Records</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="File-Format.html#File-Format">9.2.3 Basic-Block Execution Count Records</a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="Internals.html#Internals">9.3 <code>gprof</code>'s Internal Operation</a>
|
||||
<li><a href="Debugging.html#Debugging">9.4 Debugging <code>gprof</code></a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
<li><a name="toc_GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
</li></ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="node">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a name="Top"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
|
||||
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="../index.html#dir">(dir)</a>
|
||||
<hr><br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="unnumbered">Profiling a Program: Where Does It Spend Its Time?</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This manual describes the <span class="sc">gnu</span> profiler, <code>gprof</code>, and how you
|
||||
can use it to determine which parts of a program are taking most of the
|
||||
execution time. We assume that you know how to write, compile, and
|
||||
execute programs. <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> was written by Jay Fenlason.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This manual is for <code>gprof</code>
|
||||
(GNU Binutils)
|
||||
version 2.19.
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
|
||||
Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
|
||||
section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="menu">
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="1" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>: What profiling means, and why it is useful.
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="2" href="Compiling.html#Compiling">Compiling</a>: How to compile your program for profiling.
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="3" href="Executing.html#Executing">Executing</a>: Executing your program to generate profile data
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="4" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">Invoking</a>: How to run <code>gprof</code>, and its options
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="5" href="Output.html#Output">Output</a>: Interpreting <code>gprof</code>'s output
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="6" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy</a>: Potential problems you should be aware of
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="7" href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f">How do I?</a>: Answers to common questions
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="8" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">Incompatibilities</a>: (between <span class="sc">gnu</span> <code>gprof</code> and Unix <code>gprof</code>.)
|
||||
<li><a accesskey="9" href="Details.html#Details">Details</a>: Details of how profiling is done
|
||||
<li><a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>: GNU Free Documentation License
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
|
Reference in a new issue