arduino-0018-windows
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<title>MRI - Untitled</title>
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<!--
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This file documents the GNU linker LD
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(GNU Binutils)
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version 2.19.
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Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000,
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2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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<p>
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<a name="MRI"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>,
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Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
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<hr><br>
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</div>
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<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files</h2>
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<p><a name="index-MRI-compatibility-648"></a>To aid users making the transition to <span class="sc">gnu</span> <span class="command">ld</span> from the MRI
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linker, <span class="command">ld</span> can use MRI compatible linker scripts as an
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alternative to the more general-purpose linker scripting language
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described in <a href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>. MRI compatible linker scripts have a much
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simpler command set than the scripting language otherwise used with
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<span class="command">ld</span>. <span class="sc">gnu</span> <span class="command">ld</span> supports the most commonly used MRI
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linker commands; these commands are described here.
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<p>In general, MRI scripts aren't of much use with the <code>a.out</code> object
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file format, since it only has three sections and MRI scripts lack some
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features to make use of them.
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<p>You can specify a file containing an MRI-compatible script using the
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<span class="samp">-c</span> command-line option.
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<p>Each command in an MRI-compatible script occupies its own line; each
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command line starts with the keyword that identifies the command (though
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blank lines are also allowed for punctuation). If a line of an
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MRI-compatible script begins with an unrecognized keyword, <span class="command">ld</span>
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issues a warning message, but continues processing the script.
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<p>Lines beginning with <span class="samp">*</span> are comments.
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<p>You can write these commands using all upper-case letters, or all
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lower case; for example, <span class="samp">chip</span> is the same as <span class="samp">CHIP</span>.
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The following list shows only the upper-case form of each command.
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<a name="index-_0040code_007bABSOLUTE_007d-_0028MRI_0029-649"></a>
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<dl><dt><code>ABSOLUTE </code><var>secname</var><dt><code>ABSOLUTE </code><var>secname</var><code>, </code><var>secname</var><code>, ... </code><var>secname</var><dd>Normally, <span class="command">ld</span> includes in the output file all sections from all
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the input files. However, in an MRI-compatible script, you can use the
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<code>ABSOLUTE</code> command to restrict the sections that will be present in
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your output program. If the <code>ABSOLUTE</code> command is used at all in a
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script, then only the sections named explicitly in <code>ABSOLUTE</code>
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commands will appear in the linker output. You can still use other
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input sections (whatever you select on the command line, or using
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<code>LOAD</code>) to resolve addresses in the output file.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bALIAS_007d-_0028MRI_0029-650"></a><br><dt><code>ALIAS </code><var>out-secname</var><code>, </code><var>in-secname</var><dd>Use this command to place the data from input section <var>in-secname</var>
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in a section called <var>out-secname</var> in the linker output file.
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<p><var>in-secname</var> may be an integer.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bALIGN_007d-_0028MRI_0029-651"></a><br><dt><code>ALIGN </code><var>secname</var><code> = </code><var>expression</var><dd>Align the section called <var>secname</var> to <var>expression</var>. The
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<var>expression</var> should be a power of two.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bBASE_007d-_0028MRI_0029-652"></a><br><dt><code>BASE </code><var>expression</var><dd>Use the value of <var>expression</var> as the lowest address (other than
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absolute addresses) in the output file.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bCHIP_007d-_0028MRI_0029-653"></a><br><dt><code>CHIP </code><var>expression</var><dt><code>CHIP </code><var>expression</var><code>, </code><var>expression</var><dd>This command does nothing; it is accepted only for compatibility.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bEND_007d-_0028MRI_0029-654"></a><br><dt><code>END</code><dd>This command does nothing whatever; it's only accepted for compatibility.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bFORMAT_007d-_0028MRI_0029-655"></a><br><dt><code>FORMAT </code><var>output-format</var><dd>Similar to the <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> command in the more general linker
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language, but restricted to one of these output formats:
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<ol type=1 start=1>
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<li>S-records, if <var>output-format</var> is <span class="samp">S</span>
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<li>IEEE, if <var>output-format</var> is <span class="samp">IEEE</span>
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<li>COFF (the <span class="samp">coff-m68k</span> variant in BFD), if <var>output-format</var> is
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<span class="samp">COFF</span>
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</ol>
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bLIST_007d-_0028MRI_0029-656"></a><br><dt><code>LIST </code><var>anything</var><code>...</code><dd>Print (to the standard output file) a link map, as produced by the
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<span class="command">ld</span> command-line option <span class="samp">-M</span>.
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<p>The keyword <code>LIST</code> may be followed by anything on the
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same line, with no change in its effect.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bLOAD_007d-_0028MRI_0029-657"></a><br><dt><code>LOAD </code><var>filename</var><dt><code>LOAD </code><var>filename</var><code>, </code><var>filename</var><code>, ... </code><var>filename</var><dd>Include one or more object file <var>filename</var> in the link; this has the
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same effect as specifying <var>filename</var> directly on the <span class="command">ld</span>
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command line.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bNAME_007d-_0028MRI_0029-658"></a><br><dt><code>NAME </code><var>output-name</var><dd><var>output-name</var> is the name for the program produced by <span class="command">ld</span>; the
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MRI-compatible command <code>NAME</code> is equivalent to the command-line
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option <span class="samp">-o</span> or the general script language command <code>OUTPUT</code>.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bORDER_007d-_0028MRI_0029-659"></a><br><dt><code>ORDER </code><var>secname</var><code>, </code><var>secname</var><code>, ... </code><var>secname</var><dt><code>ORDER </code><var>secname</var> <var>secname</var> <var>secname</var><dd>Normally, <span class="command">ld</span> orders the sections in its output file in the
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order in which they first appear in the input files. In an MRI-compatible
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script, you can override this ordering with the <code>ORDER</code> command. The
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sections you list with <code>ORDER</code> will appear first in your output
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file, in the order specified.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bPUBLIC_007d-_0028MRI_0029-660"></a><br><dt><code>PUBLIC </code><var>name</var><code>=</code><var>expression</var><dt><code>PUBLIC </code><var>name</var><code>,</code><var>expression</var><dt><code>PUBLIC </code><var>name</var> <var>expression</var><dd>Supply a value (<var>expression</var>) for external symbol
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<var>name</var> used in the linker input files.
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bSECT_007d-_0028MRI_0029-661"></a><br><dt><code>SECT </code><var>secname</var><code>, </code><var>expression</var><dt><code>SECT </code><var>secname</var><code>=</code><var>expression</var><dt><code>SECT </code><var>secname</var> <var>expression</var><dd>You can use any of these three forms of the <code>SECT</code> command to
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specify the start address (<var>expression</var>) for section <var>secname</var>.
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If you have more than one <code>SECT</code> statement for the same
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<var>secname</var>, only the <em>first</em> sets the start address.
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</dl>
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