arduino-0018-windows
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| <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> | ||||
| <html> | ||||
| <head> | ||||
|   <title>Arduino - Reference </title> | ||||
|   <link rel='stylesheet' href='arduino.css' type='text/css' /> | ||||
| </head> | ||||
| <body> | ||||
| <div id="page"> | ||||
| <!--PageHeaderFmt--> | ||||
| <div id="pageheader"> | ||||
|   <div class="title"><a href="http://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</a></div> | ||||
|   <div class="search"> | ||||
|     <!-- SiteSearch Google -->
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| </div> | ||||
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| <!--PageLeftFmt--> | ||||
| <div id="pagenav"> | ||||
|   <p><a class='wikilink' href='Guide_index.html'>Guide</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='wikilink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage'>Tutorials</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='selflink' href='index.html'>Reference</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='wikilink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Hardware'>Hardware</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='wikilink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software'>Software</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='urllink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/blog/' rel='nofollow'>Blog</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='urllink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl' rel='nofollow'>Forum</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='urllink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/playground/' rel='nofollow'>Playground</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='urllink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Projects/ArduinoUsers' rel='nofollow'>Exhibition</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='wikilink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/en/Hacking/HomePage'>Hacking</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='wikilink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/FAQ'>FAQ</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><a class='wikilink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Buy'>Buy</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| </div> | ||||
| <!--/PageLeftFmt--> | ||||
| <div id="pagetext"> | ||||
| <!--PageText--> | ||||
| <div id='wikitext'> | ||||
| <p><strong>Reference</strong>    <a class='selflink' href='index.html'>Language</a> (<a class='wikilink' href='Extended.html'>extended</a>) | <a class='wikilink' href='Libraries.html'>Libraries</a> | <a class='wikilink' href='Comparison.html'>Comparison</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><h1>Arduino Reference</h1> | ||||
| <p><em>See the <strong><a class='wikilink' href='Extended.html'>extended reference</a></strong> for more advanced features of the Arduino languages.</em> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p>Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: <em>structure</em>, <em>values</em> (variables and constants), and <em>functions</em>.  The Arduino language is based on C/C++. | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p> | ||||
| <table  width='90%' border='0' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0'><tr><td  width='50%' valign='top'> | ||||
| <h2>Structure</h2> | ||||
| <p>An Arduino program run in two parts: | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><ul><li>void <a class='wikilink' href='Setup.html'>setup</a>() | ||||
| </li><li>void <a class='wikilink' href='Loop.html'>loop</a>() | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p>setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup section, always at the top of your program, you would set <a class='wikilink' href='PinMode.html'>pinModes</a>, initialize serial communication, etc. The loop section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs, triggering outputs, etc. | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='VariableDeclaration.html'>Variable Declaration</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='FunctionDeclaration.html'>Function Declaration</a> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Void.html'>void</a> | ||||
| </li></ul></li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Control Structures</h4> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'>if</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Else.html'>if...else</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='For.html'>for</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='SwitchCase.html'>switch case</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='While.html'>while</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='DoWhile.html'>do... while</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Break.html'>break</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Continue.html'>continue</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Return.html'>return</a> | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Further Syntax</h4> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='SemiColon.html'>;</a> (semicolon) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Braces.html'>{}</a> (curly braces) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Comments.html'>//</a> (single line comment) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Comments.html'>/* */</a> (multi-line comment) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Arithmetic Operators</h4> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Arithmetic.html'>plus</a> (addition) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Arithmetic.html'>-</a> (subtraction) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Arithmetic.html'>*</a> (multiplication) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Arithmetic.html'>/</a> (division) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Modulo.html'>%</a> (modulo) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Comparison Operators</h4> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'>==</a> (equal to) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'>!=</a> (not equal to) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'><</a> (less than) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'>></a> (greater than) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'><=</a> (less than or equal to) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='If.html'>>=</a> (greater than or equal to) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Boolean Operators</h4> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Boolean.html'>&&</a> (and) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Boolean.html'>||</a> (or) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Boolean.html'>!</a> (not) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Compound Operators</h4> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Increment.html'>++</a> (increment) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Increment.html'>--</a> (decrement) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='IncrementCompound.html'>+=</a> (compound addition) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='IncrementCompound.html'>-=</a> (compound subtraction) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='IncrementCompound.html'>*=</a> (compound multiplication) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='IncrementCompound.html'>/=</a> (compound division) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h2>Variables</h2> | ||||
| <p>Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, such as a sensor reading from an analog pin.   | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><h4>Constants</h4> | ||||
| <p>Constants are particular values with specific meanings.   | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Constants.html'>HIGH</a> | <a class='wikilink' href='Constants.html'>LOW</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Constants.html'>INPUT</a> | <a class='wikilink' href='Constants.html'>OUTPUT</a> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p></li><li><a class='wikilink' href='IntegerConstants.html'>Integer Constants</a> | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h4>Data Types</h4> | ||||
| <p>Variables can have various types, which are described below.   | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='BooleanVariables.html'>boolean</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Char.html'>char</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Byte.html'>byte</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Int.html'>int</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='UnsignedInt.html'>unsigned int</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Long.html'>long</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='UnsignedLong.html'>unsigned long</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Float.html'>float</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Double.html'>double</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='String.html'>string</a> | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Array.html'>array</a> | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><h2>Reference</h2> | ||||
| <ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='ASCIIchart.html'>ASCII chart</a> | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p></td><td  width='50%' valign='top'>  | ||||
| <h2>Functions</h2> | ||||
| <p><strong>Digital I/O</strong> | ||||
| </p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='PinMode.html'>pinMode</a>(pin, mode)    | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='DigitalWrite.html'>digitalWrite</a>(pin, value)  | ||||
| </li><li>int <a class='wikilink' href='DigitalRead.html'>digitalRead</a>(pin) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Analog I/O</strong> | ||||
| </p><ul><li>int <a class='wikilink' href='AnalogRead.html'>analogRead</a>(pin)  | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='AnalogWrite.html'>analogWrite</a>(pin, value) - <em>PWM</em> | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Advanced I/O</strong> | ||||
| </p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='ShiftOut.html'>shiftOut</a>(dataPin, clockPin, bitOrder, value)  | ||||
| </li><li>unsigned long <a class='wikilink' href='PulseIn.html'>pulseIn</a>(pin, value) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Time</strong> | ||||
| </p><ul><li>unsigned long <a class='wikilink' href='Millis.html'>millis</a>()    | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Delay.html'>delay</a>(ms)   | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='DelayMicroseconds.html'>delayMicroseconds</a>(us) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Math</strong> | ||||
| </p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Min.html'>min</a>(x, y) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Max.html'>max</a>(x, y) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Abs.html'>abs</a>(x) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Constrain.html'>constrain</a>(x, a, b) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Random Numbers</strong> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='RandomSeed.html'>randomSeed</a>(seed) | ||||
| </li><li>long <a class='wikilink' href='Random.html'>random</a>(max) | ||||
| </li><li>long <a class='wikilink' href='Random.html'>random</a>(min, max) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Serial Communication</strong> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p>Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices.  This communication happens via the Arduino board's serial or USB connection and on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).  Thus, if you use these functions, <em>you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital i/o.</em> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><ul><li><a class='wikilink' href='Serial_Begin.html'>Serial.begin</a>(speed) | ||||
| </li><li>int <a class='wikilink' href='Serial_Available.html'>Serial.available</a>() | ||||
| </li><li>int <a class='wikilink' href='Serial_Read.html'>Serial.read</a>() | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Serial_Flush.html'>Serial.flush</a>() | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Serial_Print.html'>Serial.print</a>(data) | ||||
| </li><li><a class='wikilink' href='Serial_Println.html'>Serial.println</a>(data) | ||||
| </li></ul><p class='vspace'></p><p><br clear='all' /> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><strong>Didn't find something?</strong>  Check the <a class='wikilink' href='Extended.html'>extended reference</a>. | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p></td></tr></table> | ||||
| <p><a class='selflink' href='index.html'>Reference Home</a> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p><em>Corrections, suggestions, and new documentation should be posted to the <a class='urllink' href='http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?board=swbugs' rel='nofollow'>Forum</a>.</em> | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| <p class='vspace'></p><p>The text of the Arduino reference is licensed under a | ||||
| <a class='urllink' href='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/' rel='nofollow'>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</a>.  Code samples in the reference are released into the public domain. | ||||
| </p> | ||||
| </div> | ||||
| 
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