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<a name="Input-Section-Wildcards"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">Input Section Common</a>,
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<h5 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns</h5>
<p><a name="index-input-section-wildcards-369"></a><a name="index-wildcard-file-name-patterns-370"></a><a name="index-file-name-wildcard-patterns-371"></a><a name="index-section-name-wildcard-patterns-372"></a>In an input section description, either the file name or the section
name or both may be wildcard patterns.
<p>The file name of <span class="samp">*</span> seen in many examples is a simple wildcard
pattern for the file name.
<p>The wildcard patterns are like those used by the Unix shell.
<dl>
<dt><span class="samp">*</span><dd>matches any number of characters
<br><dt><span class="samp">?</span><dd>matches any single character
<br><dt><span class="samp">[</span><var>chars</var><span class="samp">]</span><dd>matches a single instance of any of the <var>chars</var>; the <span class="samp">-</span>
character may be used to specify a range of characters, as in
<span class="samp">[a-z]</span> to match any lower case letter
<br><dt><span class="samp">\</span><dd>quotes the following character
</dl>
<p>When a file name is matched with a wildcard, the wildcard characters
will not match a <span class="samp">/</span> character (used to separate directory names on
Unix). A pattern consisting of a single <span class="samp">*</span> character is an
exception; it will always match any file name, whether it contains a
<span class="samp">/</span> or not. In a section name, the wildcard characters will match
a <span class="samp">/</span> character.
<p>File name wildcard patterns only match files which are explicitly
specified on the command line or in an <code>INPUT</code> command. The linker
does not search directories to expand wildcards.
<p>If a file name matches more than one wildcard pattern, or if a file name
appears explicitly and is also matched by a wildcard pattern, the linker
will use the first match in the linker script. For example, this
sequence of input section descriptions is probably in error, because the
<span class="file">data.o</span> rule will not be used:
<pre class="smallexample"> .data : { *(.data) }
.data1 : { data.o(.data) }
</pre>
<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fNAME-373"></a>Normally, the linker will place files and sections matched by wildcards
in the order in which they are seen during the link. You can change
this by using the <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword, which appears before a wildcard
pattern in parentheses (e.g., <code>SORT_BY_NAME(.text*)</code>). When the
<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword is used, the linker will sort the files or sections
into ascending order by name before placing them in the output file.
<p><a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fALIGNMENT-374"></a><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> is very similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>. The
difference is <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> will sort sections into
ascending order by alignment before placing them in the output file.
<p><a name="index-SORT-375"></a><code>SORT</code> is an alias for <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>.
<p>When there are nested section sorting commands in linker script, there
can be at most 1 level of nesting for section sorting commands.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if 2
sections have the same name.
<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if 2
sections have the same alignment.
<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)) is
treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern).
<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern))
is treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern).
<li>All other nested section sorting commands are invalid.
</ol>
<p>When both command line section sorting option and linker script
section sorting command are used, section sorting command always
takes precedence over the command line option.
<p>If the section sorting command in linker script isn't nested, the
command line option will make the section sorting command to be
treated as nested sorting command.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern ) with
<span class="option">--sort-sections alignment</span> is equivalent to
<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
<li><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern) with
<span class="option">--sort-section name</span> is equivalent to
<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
</ol>
<p>If the section sorting command in linker script is nested, the
command line option will be ignored.
<p>If you ever get confused about where input sections are going, use the
<span class="samp">-M</span> linker option to generate a map file. The map file shows
precisely how input sections are mapped to output sections.
<p>This example shows how wildcard patterns might be used to partition
files. This linker script directs the linker to place all <span class="samp">.text</span>
sections in <span class="samp">.text</span> and all <span class="samp">.bss</span> sections in <span class="samp">.bss</span>.
The linker will place the <span class="samp">.data</span> section from all files beginning
with an upper case character in <span class="samp">.DATA</span>; for all other files, the
linker will place the <span class="samp">.data</span> section in <span class="samp">.data</span>.
<pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS {
.text : { *(.text) }
.DATA : { [A-Z]*(.data) }
.data : { *(.data) }
.bss : { *(.bss) }
}
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