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<p>
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<a name="nm"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="objcopy.html#objcopy">objcopy</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="ar.html#ar">ar</a>,
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Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="index.html#Top">Top</a>
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<hr><br>
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</div>
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<h2 class="chapter">2 nm</h2>
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<p><a name="index-symbols-31"></a><a name="index-nm-32"></a>
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<!-- man title nm list symbols from object files -->
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<pre class="smallexample"> <!-- man begin SYNOPSIS nm -->
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nm [<span class="option">-a</span>|<span class="option">--debug-syms</span>] [<span class="option">-g</span>|<span class="option">--extern-only</span>]
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[<span class="option">-B</span>] [<span class="option">-C</span>|<span class="option">--demangle</span>[=<var>style</var>]] [<span class="option">-D</span>|<span class="option">--dynamic</span>]
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[<span class="option">-S</span>|<span class="option">--print-size</span>] [<span class="option">-s</span>|<span class="option">--print-armap</span>]
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[<span class="option">-A</span>|<span class="option">-o</span>|<span class="option">--print-file-name</span>][<span class="option">--special-syms</span>]
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[<span class="option">-n</span>|<span class="option">-v</span>|<span class="option">--numeric-sort</span>] [<span class="option">-p</span>|<span class="option">--no-sort</span>]
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[<span class="option">-r</span>|<span class="option">--reverse-sort</span>] [<span class="option">--size-sort</span>] [<span class="option">-u</span>|<span class="option">--undefined-only</span>]
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[<span class="option">-t</span> <var>radix</var>|<span class="option">--radix=</span><var>radix</var>] [<span class="option">-P</span>|<span class="option">--portability</span>]
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[<span class="option">--target=</span><var>bfdname</var>] [<span class="option">-f</span><var>format</var>|<span class="option">--format=</span><var>format</var>]
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[<span class="option">--defined-only</span>] [<span class="option">-l</span>|<span class="option">--line-numbers</span>] [<span class="option">--no-demangle</span>]
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[<span class="option">-V</span>|<span class="option">--version</span>] [<span class="option">-X 32_64</span>] [<span class="option">--help</span>] [<var>objfile</var>...]
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<!-- man end -->
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</pre>
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<!-- man begin DESCRIPTION nm -->
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<p><span class="sc">gnu</span> <span class="command">nm</span> lists the symbols from object files <var>objfile</var><small class="dots">...</small>.
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If no object files are listed as arguments, <span class="command">nm</span> assumes the file
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<span class="file">a.out</span>.
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<p>For each symbol, <span class="command">nm</span> shows:
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<ul>
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<li>The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
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hexadecimal by default.
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<li>The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
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well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
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local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
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<!-- Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for -->
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<!-- would be nice. -->
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<dl>
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<dt><code>A</code><dd>The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
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linking.
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<br><dt><code>B</code><dt><code>b</code><dd>The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).
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<br><dt><code>C</code><dd>The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
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linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
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symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
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references.
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For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of
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–warn-common in <a href="../ld/Options.html#Options">Linker options (The GNU linker)</a>.
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<br><dt><code>D</code><dt><code>d</code><dd>The symbol is in the initialized data section.
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<br><dt><code>G</code><dt><code>g</code><dd>The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
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object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
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such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
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<br><dt><code>I</code><dd>The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a <span class="sc">gnu</span>
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extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used.
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<br><dt><code>i</code><dd>The symbol is in a section specific to the implementation of DLLs.
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<br><dt><code>N</code><dd>The symbol is a debugging symbol.
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<br><dt><code>p</code><dd>The symbols is in a stack unwind section.
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<br><dt><code>R</code><dt><code>r</code><dd>The symbol is in a read only data section.
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<br><dt><code>S</code><dt><code>s</code><dd>The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
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<br><dt><code>T</code><dt><code>t</code><dd>The symbol is in the text (code) section.
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<br><dt><code>U</code><dd>The symbol is undefined.
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<br><dt><code>V</code><dt><code>v</code><dd>The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
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a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
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When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
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the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some
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systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.
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<br><dt><code>W</code><dt><code>w</code><dd>The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
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weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
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defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
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When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
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the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without
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error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been
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specified.
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<br><dt><code>-</code><dd>The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
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next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
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the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.
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For more information, see <a href="../stabs/index.html#Top">Stabs (The “stabs” debug format)</a>.
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<br><dt><code>?</code><dd>The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
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</dl>
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<li>The symbol name.
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</ul>
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<!-- man end -->
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<!-- man begin OPTIONS nm -->
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<p>The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
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equivalent.
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<dl>
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<dt><span class="env">-A</span><dt><span class="env">-o</span><dt><span class="env">--print-file-name</span><dd><a name="index-input-file-name-33"></a><a name="index-file-name-34"></a><a name="index-source-file-name-35"></a>Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
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in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
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before all of its symbols.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-a</span><dt><span class="env">--debug-syms</span><dd><a name="index-debugging-symbols-36"></a>Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
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listed.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-B</span><dd><a name="index-_0040command_007bnm_007d-format-37"></a><a name="index-_0040command_007bnm_007d-compatibility-38"></a>The same as <span class="option">--format=bsd</span> (for compatibility with the MIPS <span class="command">nm</span>).
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<br><dt><span class="env">-C</span><dt><span class="env">--demangle[=</span><var>style</var><span class="env">]</span><dd><a name="index-demangling-in-nm-39"></a>Decode (<dfn>demangle</dfn>) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
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Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
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makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
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mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
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choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. See <a href="c_002b_002bfilt.html#c_002b_002bfilt">c++filt</a>,
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for more information on demangling.
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<br><dt><span class="env">--no-demangle</span><dd>Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-D</span><dt><span class="env">--dynamic</span><dd><a name="index-dynamic-symbols-40"></a>Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
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only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
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libraries.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-f </span><var>format</var><dt><span class="env">--format=</span><var>format</var><dd><a name="index-_0040command_007bnm_007d-format-41"></a><a name="index-_0040command_007bnm_007d-compatibility-42"></a>Use the output format <var>format</var>, which can be <code>bsd</code>,
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<code>sysv</code>, or <code>posix</code>. The default is <code>bsd</code>.
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Only the first character of <var>format</var> is significant; it can be
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either upper or lower case.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-g</span><dt><span class="env">--extern-only</span><dd><a name="index-external-symbols-43"></a>Display only external symbols.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-l</span><dt><span class="env">--line-numbers</span><dd><a name="index-symbol-line-numbers-44"></a>For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
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line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
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address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
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number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
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information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-n</span><dt><span class="env">-v</span><dt><span class="env">--numeric-sort</span><dd>Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
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by their names.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-p</span><dt><span class="env">--no-sort</span><dd><a name="index-sorting-symbols-45"></a>Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
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encountered.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-P</span><dt><span class="env">--portability</span><dd>Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
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Equivalent to <span class="samp">-f posix</span>.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-S</span><dt><span class="env">--print-size</span><dd>Print size, not the value, of defined symbols for the <code>bsd</code> output format.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-s</span><dt><span class="env">--print-armap</span><dd><a name="index-symbol-index_002c-listing-46"></a>When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
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(stored in the archive by <span class="command">ar</span> or <span class="command">ranlib</span>) of which modules
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contain definitions for which names.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-r</span><dt><span class="env">--reverse-sort</span><dd>Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
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last come first.
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<br><dt><span class="env">--size-sort</span><dd>Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between
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the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
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value. If the <code>bsd</code> output format is used the size of the symbol
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is printed, rather than the value, and <span class="samp">-S</span> must be used in order
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both size and value to be printed.
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<br><dt><span class="env">--special-syms</span><dd>Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These
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symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and
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are not normally helpful when included included in the normal symbol
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lists. For example for ARM targets this option would skip the mapping
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symbols used to mark transitions between ARM code, THUMB code and
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data.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-t </span><var>radix</var><dt><span class="env">--radix=</span><var>radix</var><dd>Use <var>radix</var> as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
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<span class="samp">d</span> for decimal, <span class="samp">o</span> for octal, or <span class="samp">x</span> for hexadecimal.
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<br><dt><span class="env">--target=</span><var>bfdname</var><dd><a name="index-object-code-format-47"></a>Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
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See <a href="Target-Selection.html#Target-Selection">Target Selection</a>, for more information.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-u</span><dt><span class="env">--undefined-only</span><dd><a name="index-external-symbols-48"></a><a name="index-undefined-symbols-49"></a>Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
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<br><dt><span class="env">--defined-only</span><dd><a name="index-external-symbols-50"></a><a name="index-undefined-symbols-51"></a>Display only defined symbols for each object file.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-V</span><dt><span class="env">--version</span><dd>Show the version number of <span class="command">nm</span> and exit.
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<br><dt><span class="env">-X</span><dd>This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of
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<span class="command">nm</span>. It takes one parameter which must be the string
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<span class="option">32_64</span>. The default mode of AIX <span class="command">nm</span> corresponds
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to <span class="option">-X 32</span>, which is not supported by <span class="sc">gnu</span> <span class="command">nm</span>.
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<br><dt><span class="env">--help</span><dd>Show a summary of the options to <span class="command">nm</span> and exit.
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</dl>
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<!-- man end -->
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