2090 lines
69 KiB
HTML
2090 lines
69 KiB
HTML
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<title>WinAVR User Manual - 20081205</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="header">
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<h1>WinAVR User Manual - 20081205</h1>
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<span id="author">Eric B. Weddington</span><br />
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<span id="email"><tt><<a href="mailto:arcanum@users.sf.net">arcanum@users.sf.net</a>></tt></span><br />
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</div>
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<div id="preamble">
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>WinAVR is a suite of executable, open source software
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development tools for the Atmel AVR series of RISC microprocessors hosted on
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the Windows platform. It includes the GNU GCC compiler for C and C++.</p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2 id="_1_0_what_s_new">1.0 What's New</h2>
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>Below is just a sample of what's new.</p></div>
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<div class="ilist"><ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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New version of GNU Binutils: 2.19
|
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
|
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<p>
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New version of GCC: 4.3.2
|
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</p>
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</li>
|
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<li>
|
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<p>
|
|
New version of AVR-LibC: 1.6.4
|
|
</p>
|
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</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
New version of Programmers Notepad: 2.0.8.718
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
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<li>
|
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<p>
|
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New devices supported:
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</p>
|
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<div class="ilist"><ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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ATxmega64A3
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</p>
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</li>
|
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<li>
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<p>
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ATxmega128A3
|
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</p>
|
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</li>
|
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<li>
|
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<p>
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ATxmega256A3
|
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</p>
|
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</li>
|
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<li>
|
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<p>
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ATxmega256A3B
|
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</p>
|
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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ATmega32U6
|
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul></div>
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</li>
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<li>
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|
<p>
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Various bugs fixed.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul></div>
|
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</div>
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<h2 id="_2_0_winavr_installation">2.0 WinAVR Installation</h2>
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>This section describes various information and notes about the installation of
|
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WinAVR.</p></div>
|
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<h3 id="_2_1_manifest">2.1 Manifest</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
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<div class="olist"><ol>
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<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU Binutils 2.19
|
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</p>
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|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
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<pre><tt>Binary utilities for AVR target (including assembler, linker, etc.).</tt></pre>
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|
</div></div>
|
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</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.3.2
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
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|
<pre><tt>C language and C++ language compiler for AVR target. There are
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caveats for using the C++ compiler. See the installed avr-libc
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|
User Manual in the <InstallDir>\doc directory.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
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</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avr-libc 1.6.4
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>C Standard Library for AVR.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
AVR-Ada 0.5.2
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>Run Time System for the Ada compiler.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>(Removed temporarily)</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
AVRDUDE 5.5
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>avrdude is an open source programmer software that is user extensible.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU Debugger (GDB) / Insight 6.8
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>GDB is a command-line debugger. Insight is GDB with a GUI!</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
AVaRICE 2.7
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>avarice is a program for interfacing the Atmel JTAG ICE to GDB and users
|
|
can debug their AVR. Use it in conjunction with GDB.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
SimulAVR 0.1.2.5
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>simulavr is used in conjunction with GDB to provide AVR simulation.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
SRecord 1.38
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>SRecord is a collection of powerful tools for manipulating EPROM load files.
|
|
It reads and writes numerous EPROM file formats, and can perform many
|
|
different manipulations.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
MFile
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>An automatic makefile generator for AVR GCC.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Programmers Notepad 2.0.8.718
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>Programming editor and IDE. This editor includes the Scintilla editor
|
|
component.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
LibUSB 0.1.12.1 and device drivers
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>This is a USB library that is linked into AVRDUDE and AVaRICE to allow them
|
|
to connect to the Atmel JTAG ICE mkII and the Atmel AVRISP mkII. Drivers
|
|
for these devices are also included.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Cygwin DLLs
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>Certain DLLs from the Cygwin project are required for specific included
|
|
packages. See the Build Notes section for which packages require which DLL.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>NOTE: Not all executables require these Cygwin DLLs.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Many native Win32 GNU programs and utilities including make and bash.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Tofrodos 1.6
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>A command-line text file line-ending convertor.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A Makefile Template for you to use in your projects.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Documentation for the various projects.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Source code patches used to build the various projects.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_2_2_layout">2.2 Layout</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Listed below are some directories you might want to know about.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><tt><install></tt> = The directory where you installed WinAVR.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="vlist"><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\bin</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The AVR software development programs. This directory should be in your
|
|
<tt>PATH</tt> environment variable. This includes:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU Binutils
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GCC
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avrdude
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU Debugger (GDB)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Insight
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
AVaRICE
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
SimulAVR
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
SRecord
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Various required DLLs
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\utils\bin</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A collection of Unix programs built for the Windows
|
|
platform. The programs make and sh (bash) reside here. This directory
|
|
should be in your PATH environment variable.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\avr\lib</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avr-libc libraries, startup files, linker scripts,
|
|
and stuff.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\avr\include</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avr-libc header files. This is where, for
|
|
example, #include <string.h> comes from.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\avr\include\avr</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avr-libc header files specific to the AVR
|
|
microprocessor. This is where, for example, #include <avr/io.h> comes
|
|
from.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\lib</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GCC libraries, other libraries,headers and stuff.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\libexec</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GCC program components
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\doc</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Various documentation. Before asking, RTFM! :-)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\doc\avr-libc\examples</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Example projects with source code. Have fun!
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\sample</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sample makefile (see below). Batch files to use in
|
|
compiling from AVR Studio 3.x (see below).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\pn</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Programmers Notepad
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\mfile</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
MFile
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\source</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Documentation on where to find the source code for the
|
|
various projects and source code patches that were used to build the tools.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\utils\bin</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Utility programs, mainly from Unix-land that are used in building the
|
|
software, such as the shell (sh.exe), make.exe, and other programs called
|
|
from a Makefile.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<strong><tt><install>\utils\libusb\bin</tt></strong>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
LibUSB programs and drivers.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_2_3_tt_path_tt_environment_variable">2.3 <tt>PATH</tt> Environment Variable</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There are two directories in WinAVR that contain executable programs.
|
|
If <tt><install></tt> is your install directory then these two directories are:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><tt><install>\bin</tt><br />
|
|
<tt><install>\utils\bin</tt></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The <tt><install>\bin</tt> directory contains the software development toolset
|
|
proper. This includes GNU binutils, GCC, and other programs.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The <tt><install>\utils\bin</tt> contains many miscellaneous Unix or GNU programs
|
|
that are built for Windows. This includes sh (bash) and make among a host of
|
|
other things.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For your operating system to easily locate these directories, they must be put
|
|
at the <strong>beginning</strong> of the <tt>PATH</tt> environment variable. WinAVR can do this
|
|
automatically upon installation, if you selected this option. The reason for
|
|
putting these directories at the beginning of the <tt>PATH</tt> environment variable
|
|
is for the correct make program to be called. There have been reports from
|
|
users that have Borland tools installed and the Borland make program is started
|
|
rather than GNU make correctly started.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>These programs are put into two seperate directories in case you want to use
|
|
a different set of utility programs than the set that comes with WinAVR.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>If you do not wish to use the utilities that comes with WinAVR, remove the
|
|
<tt><install>\utils\bin</tt> directory from your PATH environment variable.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For Windows 95 and 98 users, see the autoexec.bat file in the root drive
|
|
where your OS is installed. This is usually in C:\.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For all other Windows users, the WinAVR installer modifies this registry key:
|
|
<tt>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment\Path</tt></p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Important</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">On Windows NT/2K/XP you must have Administrator priviledges for
|
|
the installer to automatically put these directories in your <tt>PATH</tt> environment
|
|
variable.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3 id="_2_4_registry_keys">2.4 Registry Keys</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR installs a minimal amount of registry keys. These keys are installed
|
|
to inform of the installation path, the uninstaller, and for GCC to find
|
|
other parts of the compiler as needed. Below are the specific keys that are
|
|
installed.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Installation Location::
|
|
This registry key will be added to provide the location of the WinAVR
|
|
installation:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\WinAVR\{VERSION}`</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>with {VERSION} being replaced by the version number of WinAVR. Formerly,
|
|
the key above without {VERSION} was equal to the install location.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GCC Component Paths::
|
|
There are some keys that are installed that are used to help GCC find installed component programs:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Free Software Foundation\WinAVR-{VERSION}\GCC`</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Free Software Foundation\WinAVR-{VERSION}\BINUTILS`</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Free Software Foundation\WinAVR-{VERSION}\G++`</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>with {VERSION} being replaced by the version number of WinAVR.
|
|
Each of these keys points to the WinAVR install location for that version
|
|
of WinAVR.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
PATH Environment Variable::
|
|
The registry key:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment\Path`</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>may be modified (if selected at installation time) to add two directories to the
|
|
PATH environment variable.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Uninstaller::
|
|
There are several registry keys written under:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\WinAVR-{VERSION}`</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>with {VERSION} being replaced by the version number of WinAVR.
|
|
These registry keys are used to register the uninstaller with Windows.</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_2_5_libusb_win32">2.5 LibUSB-Win32</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>LibUSB-Win32 is a USB library that is linked into AVRDUDE and AVaRICE to allow
|
|
them to connect to the Atmel JTAG ICE mkII and the Atmel AVRISP mkII. Drivers
|
|
for these devices are also included. LibUSB is installed under:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><tt><install>\utils\libusb\bin</tt></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The drivers for the JTAG ICE mkII and the AVRISP mkII are also located in the
|
|
above directory.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To install the LibUSB-Win32 drivers (when AVR Studio is not installed):
|
|
- Plug in your Atmel device (JTAG ICE mkII or AVRISP mkII).
|
|
- When Windows asks to locate drivers for this device, select "Install from
|
|
a list or specific location". Press Next.
|
|
- Uncheck the checkbox, "Search removable media".
|
|
- Check the checkbox "Include this location in the search" and select the
|
|
location of the drivers in the directory specified above. Press Next.
|
|
The driver will then be installed.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>AVR Studio can install and use the USB drivers from Jungo (which is included as
|
|
part of the AVR Studio installation). However, the Jungo drivers and the
|
|
LibUSB-Win32 drivers are mutually exclusive; if one set is installed the other
|
|
set will not work.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>You can uninstall the driver by plugging in the device (and making sure it is
|
|
powered on), use the Device Manager to find and select the device (under Jungo
|
|
or LibUSB-Win32, depending on which driver is installed), right click and select
|
|
"Uninstall". Then, install the other driver according to the correct procedures.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>LibUSB also has a "filter" driver that is available, however, using this is
|
|
not recommended by the LibUSB author.</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_3_0_toolset_background">3.0 Toolset Background</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR is a collection of executable software development tools for the
|
|
Atmel AVR processor hosted on Windows.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>These software development tools include:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Compilers
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Assembler
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Linker
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Librarian
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
File converter
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Other file utilities
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
C Library
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Programmer software
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debugger
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In-Circuit Emulator software
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Editor / IDE
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Many support utilities
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_1_the_toolset_and_open_source">3.1 The Toolset and Open Source</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Each of the tools included in WinAVR is Open Source and/or Free Software. Each
|
|
tool has it's own project, usually hosted on
|
|
<a href="http://sourceforge.net/">SourceForge</a> or <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah</a>,
|
|
with their own project maintainers and developers who all volunteer their time
|
|
and energy to creating these tools. Look in the Links section below to find out
|
|
the websites of each of these projects.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Especially note many of these programs come from the Unix and Linux
|
|
platforms. These programs have been ported to the Windows platform but
|
|
generally behave for a Unix-like environment. If you are not used to a
|
|
Unix-like environment it can possibly be frustrating. Read as much
|
|
documentation as you can. Look at examples. Search the Internet. Many links
|
|
are also provided in this manual.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Also remember that this software is updated and improved continually by many
|
|
people who volunteer their precious time to provide some of the best software
|
|
for absolutely no cost or obligation to you. Volunteers are always welcome in
|
|
furthering any of these projects!</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_2_compiler">3.2 Compiler</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The compiler in WinAVR is the GNU Compiler Collection, or
|
|
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC</a>. This compiler is incredibly flexible and can be
|
|
hosted on many platforms, it can target many different different processors /
|
|
operating systems (back-ends), and can be configured for multiple different
|
|
languages (front-ends).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The GCC included in WinAVR is targeted for the AVR processor, is built to
|
|
execute on the Windows platform, and is configured to compile C, or C++.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Caution</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">There are caveats on using C++. See the avr-libc FAQ.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Because this GCC is targeted for the AVR, the main executable that is
|
|
created is prefixed with the target name: <tt>avr-gcc.exe</tt>. It is also referred to
|
|
as AVR GCC.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><tt>avr-gcc</tt> is just a "driver" program only. The compiler itself is called
|
|
<tt>cc1.exe</tt> for C, or <tt>cc1plus.exe</tt> for C++. Also, the preprocessor <tt>cpp.exe</tt>
|
|
will usually automatically be prepended with the target name: <tt>avr-cpp.exe</tt>.
|
|
The actual set of component programs called is usually derived from the suffix
|
|
of each source code file being processed.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>GCC compiles a high-level computer language into assembly, and that is all. It
|
|
cannot work alone. GCC is coupled with another project, GNU Binutils, which
|
|
provides the assembler, linker, librarian and more. Since GCC is just a "driver"
|
|
program, it can automatically call the assembler and linker directly to build
|
|
the final program.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_3_assembler_linker_librarian_and_more">3.3 Assembler, Linker, Librarian and More</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sources.redhat.com/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a> is a collection of binary
|
|
utilities. This also includes the assembler, as. Sometimes you will see it
|
|
referenced as GNU as or gas. Binutils includes the linker, ld; the librarian
|
|
or archiver, ar. There are many other programs included that provide various
|
|
functionality.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Note that while the assembler uses the same mnemonics as proposed by
|
|
Atmel, the "glue" (pseudo-ops, operators, expression syntax) is derived from
|
|
the common assembler syntax used in Unix assemblers, so it is not directly
|
|
compatible to Atmel assembler source files.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Binutils is configured for the AVR target and each of the programs is prefixed
|
|
with the target name. So you have programs such as:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="vlist"><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-as</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The Assembler.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-ld</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The Linker.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-ar</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Create, modify, and extract from archives (libraries).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-ranlib</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Generate index to archive (library) contents.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-objcopy</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Copy and translate object files.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-objdump</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Display information from object files including disassembly.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-size</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
List section sizes and total size.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-nm</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
List symbols from object files.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-strings</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
List printable strings from files.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-strip</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Discard symbols.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-readelf</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Display the contents of ELF format files.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-addr2line</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Convert addresses to file and line.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<tt>avr-c++filt</tt>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>See the binutils user manual for more information on what each program can do.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_4_c_library">3.4 C Library</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/">avr-libc</a> is the Standard C Library for
|
|
AVR GCC. It contains many of the standard C routines, and many non-standard
|
|
routines that are specific and useful for the AVR processor.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">The actual library is currently split into two main parts, libc.a and
|
|
libm.a, where the latter contains mathematical functions (everything mentioned
|
|
in <math.h>, and a bit more). Thus it is a good idea to always include the
|
|
<tt>-lm</tt> linker option. The WinAVR Makefile Template automatically includes the
|
|
<tt>-lm</tt> linker option. Also, there are additional libraries which allow a
|
|
customization of the printf and scanf function families.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>avr-libc also contains the most documentation on how to use (and build) the
|
|
entire toolset, including code examples. The avr-libc user manual also
|
|
contains the FAQ on using the toolset.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_5_making_your_software">3.5 Making Your Software</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There is one program that brings all of this together. This program is
|
|
<tt>GNU make</tt>. The <tt>make</tt> program reads and interprets a makefile. A makefile is a
|
|
text file that you write that lists and controls how something is made. It is
|
|
most often used to control how software is made.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Each of these programs are Command Line Interface (CLI) tools. They are
|
|
controlled by parameters or switches that are added to the command line. Or,
|
|
in the case of make, by text files that are written and used as input.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Most commercial software development toolsets have an Integrated
|
|
Development Environment (IDE). This consists of a graphical user-interface
|
|
(GUI) that contains a programming editor and graphical front-ends to
|
|
compiler, assembler, linker, standard C library, and librarian programs. These
|
|
front-ends consist of dialog boxes which allow you to set build options and a
|
|
way of creating a list of files that are in a "project". These graphical
|
|
front-ends hide and encapsulate the real command-line compiler, assembler,
|
|
linker, and standard library that are in the background of any software
|
|
development toolset.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR is a collection of open-source, software development tools from various
|
|
projects. WinAVR does not have a complete graphical IDE like a commerical
|
|
toolset, yet. Because of this, learning to build software under GCC means that
|
|
it would be best to learn how to use the <tt>make</tt> program and learn how to write
|
|
makefiles. Learn the common flags that are used to control GCC which in turn
|
|
can control <tt>gas</tt> and <tt>ld</tt>. You can learn a lot by looking at the Makefile
|
|
Template that comes with WinAVR and looking up all the programs and flags in the
|
|
included user manuals.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_6_programming">3.6 Programming</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>After creating your software, you'll want to program your device. You can do
|
|
this by using the program <tt>avrdude</tt> which can interface with various hardware
|
|
devices to program your processor.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><tt>avrdude</tt> is a very flexible package. All the information about AVR processors
|
|
and various hardware programmers is stored in a text database. This database
|
|
can be modified by any user to add new hardware or to add an AVR processor
|
|
if it is not already listed.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_3_7_debugging">3.7 Debugging</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Debugging encompasses both simulation and emulation. Both are available in
|
|
WinAVR.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The GNU Debugger (<tt>GDB</tt>) is the main package that can be used for general
|
|
debugging. <tt>GDB</tt> is a command-line program only. <tt>Insight</tt> is GDB plus a GUI
|
|
written in Tcl/Tk. Both <tt>GDB</tt> and <tt>Insight</tt> are configured for the AVR and the
|
|
main executables are prefixed with the target name: <tt>avr-gdb</tt>, and
|
|
<tt>avr-insight</tt>. There is now also a "text mode" GUI for GDB: <tt>avr-gdbtui</tt>.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To do emulation with the JTAG ICE, GDB / Insight requires a "helper" program
|
|
called <tt>avarice</tt> which is also included.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To do simulation, GDB / Insight requires a different "helper" program called
|
|
<tt>simulavr</tt> which is also included.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There are also alternatives for simulation. Atmel offers a free package called
|
|
<tt>AVR Studio</tt> which can also do simulation. The latest version of <tt>AVR Studio</tt>
|
|
is 4.13. Note that <tt>AVR Studio</tt> is currently free to the public, but it is not
|
|
Open Source.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>See the section, 5.0 Debugging, Simulating, and Emulating, for detailed
|
|
information on debugging.</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_4_0_setting_up_a_project">4.0 Setting Up a Project</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<h3 id="_4_1_where_s_the_gui_ide">4.1 Where's the GUI / IDE?</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>You won't find a typical GUI / IDE like you might be used to with other
|
|
commercial cross-compilers, or like native compilers on Windows. Each of the
|
|
tools in WinAVR are from their own projects. In this case, an editor or IDE
|
|
is just another component in the toolset. And, everybody has their own
|
|
favourite they want to use. WinAVR allows flexibility.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR comes with an editor / IDE called Programmers Notepad. This is an
|
|
Open Source editor with some IDE capabilites. Because the compiler and
|
|
associated utilities are all command-line driven, you are free to use
|
|
whatever editor / IDE you want to provided it can call command-line
|
|
programs. See below for more information on Programmers Notepad.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There is current work going on to continually improve the IDE capabilities
|
|
of Programmers Notepad. Let us know if you're interested in volunteering
|
|
to help on these projects.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_4_2_programmers_notepad">4.2 Programmers Notepad</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.pnotepad.org/">Programmers Notepad (PN)</a> is an Open Source editor
|
|
with some IDE features. Version 2.x is is a complete rewrite of version 1.
|
|
Many new features are still being added.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>PN contains the Open Source <a href="http://www.scintilla.org/">Scintilla</a> editor
|
|
component as the basis for its editor.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>PN can call any command-line tool and capture it's output. This is ideal for
|
|
calling the make utility, which executes your makefile, which in turn calls
|
|
the compiler, linker, and other utilities used to build your software. PN will
|
|
then capture the output and display it in a window. You can also click on any
|
|
GCC warning or error and PN will automatically open the file and go to the
|
|
line where the warning or error occurred.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To set up tools, go to the Tools menu up top, select Options, then select Tools
|
|
on the left side menu. The best Scheme to add tools is under
|
|
"(None - Global Tools)". After you add your tool, it will appear in the
|
|
Main Menu under Tools.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_4_3_make_makefiles_and_the_makefile_template">4.3 Make, Makefiles, and the Makefile Template</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>make is a program that is widely used to build software. make reads and
|
|
executes makefiles, which are descriptions of how to build something.
|
|
Makefiles typical do things such as group files together, set lists of
|
|
compiler and linker flags, list rules of how to compile source code to
|
|
object code, how to link object files, how to convert files from one
|
|
type to another, and many other things.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>When you set up your project, add a makefile to control how to build your
|
|
software. When you use Programmers Notepad, or other IDE, set it up to
|
|
call make and have it execute your project's makefile.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Three Makefile Templates are included in WinAVR, which provides a lot of
|
|
functionality already written for you. There is the standard Makefile Template
|
|
(Makefile) that has always been included with WinAVR. And there are two new
|
|
Makefile Templates, one to generate a library instead of an application
|
|
(Makefile.lib) and another Makefile Template that enables whole program
|
|
optimization (Makefile.wpo). You can can copy any of these templates to your
|
|
project's directory and easily modify it to fit your project.
|
|
These Makefile Templates can be found in the
|
|
<tt><install>\sample</tt> directory. Copy any of these templates and rename them to
|
|
<tt>Makefile</tt>.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR also includes the <a href="http://www.sax.de/~joerg/mfile/">MFile</a> utility.
|
|
MFile is a automatic makefile generator for AVR GCC written in Tcl/Tk and can
|
|
run on various platforms including Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, etc. You can
|
|
use this utility to help you quickly generate a makefile for your project
|
|
based on some simple menu input. MFile for the Windows platform uses the WinAVR
|
|
Makefile Template for it's template.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">I HIGHLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MAKE PROGRAM
|
|
AND WRITING MAKEFILES! PLEASE READ THE MAKE USER MANUAL!</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For more information on the make program and writing makefiles, see the make
|
|
user manual that is included or see Links below for GNU Manuals Online.</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_5_0_debugging_simulating_and_emulating">5.0 Debugging, Simulating, and Emulating</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">The term "debugging" is a generic term and can mean either simulation or
|
|
emulation below.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There are several different ways to go about debugging, simulating, and
|
|
emulating. Each solution has their own requirements and may involve various
|
|
tradeoffs.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There are open source applications that can be used for simulation and
|
|
emulation, and they are included with WinAVR. Use <tt>GDB</tt> or <tt>Insight</tt>, with the
|
|
<tt>simulavr</tt> back-end for simulating, or with the <tt>avarice</tt> back-end to emulate
|
|
using the Atmel JTAG ICE.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There is a free application from Atmel that can be used for simulation or
|
|
emulation: AVR Studio. The latest version as of this writing is 4.11. AVR Studio
|
|
can be downloaded from the Atmel web site.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There are also a number of commercial simulators, such as VMLab or Proteus VSM.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>In general, debugging is dependent upon:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="olist"><ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The application used to debug.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The file format used.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The type of debugging information generated in the object code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Many times the application that is being used, determines the file format, and
|
|
the type of debugging information that needs to be generated.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>This version of the compiler can generate both <strong>DWARF2</strong> and <strong>stabs</strong> debugging
|
|
information.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">The compiler will currently default to generating DWARF2 debugging info.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>If you are using the WinAVR Makefile Template, or using MFile, there is a line
|
|
in the makefile that controls the type of debug information that is generated:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>DEBUG = dwarf-2</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To generate stabs information change this line to:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>DEBUG = stabs</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Tip</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">MFile can change this setting automatically through a menu option.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>This line in the makefile changes the <tt>-g</tt> compiler switch that is sent to GCC.
|
|
See the GCC user manual for more information.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The compiler will build your software and automatically output an ELF file.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_5_1_gdb_insight_simulavr_or_avarice">5.1 GDB/Insight + simulavr or avarice</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The GNU Debugger (GDB) can be used, with other programs, to simulate or
|
|
emulate your AVR program. Insight is GDB with a GUI (written in Tcl/Tk).
|
|
Insight also has a console window which provides the traditional
|
|
command-line interface to GDB. The terms <em>GDB</em> and <em>Insight</em> will be used
|
|
interchangably.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Use <tt>avarice</tt> with GDB for use with your JTAG In-Circuit Emulator (ICE).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Use <tt>simulavr</tt> with GDB for simulation.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>See each of the package's documentation for more information on usage.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><div class="title">Requirements</div><p>File Format: ELF<br />
|
|
Debugging Information: DWARF-2 (preferred) or stabs</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Tip</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">There is a <a href="http://winavr.sourceforge.net/document.html">tutorial on how to use GDB and avarice</a>
|
|
at the WinAVR web site.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Tip</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">If you use <tt>avarice</tt>, when you specify a serial port to use with the —jtag
|
|
flag, you must specify it in the form of:</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>--jtag /dev/comX</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>where <strong>X</strong> is the COM port number you are using. This is due to the fact that
|
|
avarice is linked to the Cygwin DLL, which requires a Unix-type format for
|
|
the COM port number.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_5_2_avr_studio">5.2 AVR Studio</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>AVR Studio 4.10 and above has a new parser component that can read ELF files
|
|
natively. These ELF files must contain DWARF2 debugging information.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><div class="title">Requirements (for AVR Studio version 4.10 and greater)</div><p>File Format: ELF<br />
|
|
Debugging Information: DWARF-2</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_5_3_commercial_simulators">5.3 Commercial Simulators</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Certain commercial simulators have more requirements to use their products.
|
|
Namely, you must compile your software with the <tt>stabs</tt> debugging information,
|
|
and you must convert your ELF file to either the <strong>COFF</strong> format or to the
|
|
<strong>Atmel Extended COFF</strong> format.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><div class="title">Requirements (dependent upon application used)</div><p>File Format: COFF / Atmel Extended COFF<br />
|
|
Debugging Information: stabs</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The GNU Binutils program objcopy (avr-objcopy) has been patched where it can
|
|
now convert from ELF to either of these formats. Note that the converter is
|
|
a beta release.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The usage of avr-objcopy to convert ELF/stabs debugging
|
|
information into AVR COFF debugging information is (long lines wrapped
|
|
with backslashes):</p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>avr-objcopy \
|
|
--debugging \
|
|
-O $(FORMAT) \
|
|
--change-section-address .data-0x800000 \
|
|
--change-section-address .bss-0x800000 \
|
|
--change-section-address .noinit-0x800000 \
|
|
--change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000 \
|
|
$(filename).elf $(filename).cof</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>where <tt>$(FORMAT)</tt> should either be <tt>coff-avr</tt> (COFF format that matches
|
|
the older Atmel AVR COFF documentation, as understood by AVR Studio 3,
|
|
early versions of AVR Studio 4, and also by VMLab), or <tt>coff-ext-avr</tt>
|
|
(current AVR Extended COFF specification, as understood by AVR
|
|
Studio 4.07+; adds long filenames and structure debugging).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There might be some warnings when you run the above, like</p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>Warning: file {standard input} not found in symbol table, ignoring
|
|
Warning: ignoring function __vectors() outside any compilation unit
|
|
Warning: ignoring function __bad_interrupt() outside any compilation unit</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Perhaps more of them if your avr-libc has been installed with
|
|
debugging symbols (the default WinAVR installation strips debugging
|
|
symbols from the installed library files). There should be no other
|
|
warning normally.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">The avr-objcopy usage describe above is in the Makefile Template that is
|
|
included with WinAVR and in the MFile template. You should only have to call
|
|
<em>make coff</em> to convert to AVR COFF, or call <em>make extcoff</em> to convert to
|
|
AVR Extended COFF.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>As Atmel has now moved towards the ELF file format with DWARF-2 debugging
|
|
information, the (E)COFF conversion is deprecated. Thus, there is currently no
|
|
ongoing development on the COFF converter. There are a few known bugs in it, in
|
|
particular it is known that using forward struct references can crash
|
|
the converter. Unfortunately, fixing this bug would be close to a
|
|
whole rewrite of it. As a workaround, just avoid forward struct references.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Instead of writing:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>typedef struct foo *foo_p;
|
|
struct foo {
|
|
foo_p next;
|
|
int something;
|
|
};</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>reorder it to:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>struct foo {
|
|
struct foo *next;
|
|
int something;
|
|
};
|
|
typedef struct foo *foo_p;</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>That strategy is known to work around that particular bug.</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_6_0_useful_additions">6.0 Useful Additions</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<h3 id="_6_1_operating_systems">6.1 Operating Systems</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>While an Operating System, or RTOS, isn't necessary to write software for
|
|
the AVR, there may be times when it is desirable. Below, are some links for
|
|
free or open source operating systems / kernels for the AVR. Note that this
|
|
may not be a complete list.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="vlist"><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.barello.net/avrx/">AvrX</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
AvrX is a Real-Time Multitasking Kernel.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ethernut.de/en/">EtherNut - Nut/OS</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ethernut is an Open Source Hardware and Software Project for building
|
|
Embedded Ethernet Devices. It contains Nut/OS which is an intentionally
|
|
simple RTOS for the ATmega128, which provides a minimum of services to run
|
|
Nut/Net, the TCP/IP stack.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.freertos.org/">FreeRTOS</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
FreeRTOS is a portable, open source, mini Real Time Scheduler (or mini
|
|
RTOS kernel).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/">TinyOS</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
TinyOS is a component-based runtime environment designed to provide
|
|
support for deeply embedded systems which require concurrency intensive
|
|
operations while constrained by minimal hardware resources.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.sics.se/~adam/contiki/">Contiki</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Contiki is an Internet-enabled operating system and desktop environment
|
|
for a number of smallish systems.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.shift-right.com/xmk/index.html">XMK - eXtreme Minimal Kernel</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
XMK is a preemptive multitasking scheduler/kernel for 8bit
|
|
microcontrollers. Its goal is to provide a bare bones RTOS with a small
|
|
enough footprint (RAM+ROM) to run on 8bit microcontrollers.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://picoos.sourceforge.net/">pico OS</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
pico OS is a highly configurable and very fast real time operating system
|
|
(RTOS). It targets a wide range of architectures, from very small 8 bit
|
|
processors and microcontrollers up to very huge platforms. An AVR port is
|
|
available.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://usmartx.sourceforge.net/">uSmartX</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
uSmartX is a non-preemptive, multitasking, priority based RTOS. It features
|
|
mechanisms for inter-task communication and basic task and time control
|
|
functions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?module=Freaks%20Academy&func=viewItem&item_type=project&item_id=725">Super Simple Tasker (SST)</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
This is an implementation of a lightweight scheduler so called "Super
|
|
Simple Tasker" - SST. The idea is taken from the Robert Ward's article -
|
|
"Practical Real-Time Techniques" <a href="http://www.quantum-leaps.com/resources/Ward03.pdf">http://www.quantum-leaps.com/resources/Ward03.pdf</a>.
|
|
The SST allows to significantly reduce needs for precious RAM and ROM and
|
|
still allows to keep a real time characteristic of the scheduler (e.g.
|
|
tasks prioritization and preemption).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/chibios/">ChibiOS/RT</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
ChibiOS/RT is a compact and fast RTOS designed for embedded applications.
|
|
It offers threads, mutexes, semaphores, messages, events, timers, flexible
|
|
I/O with timeout capability.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_6_2_other">6.2 Other</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Here are some links to free or open source components that may be useful.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="vlist"><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.sics.se/~adam/uip/">uIP - TCP/IP Stack for Embedded Microcontrollers</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
uIP is an implementation of the TCP/IP protocol stack intended for small
|
|
8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. It provides the necessary protocols for
|
|
Internet communication, with a very small code footprint and RAM
|
|
requirements - the uIP code size is on the order of a few kilobytes and RAM
|
|
usage is on the order of a few hundred bytes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.sics.se/~adam/pt/">Protothreads</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Protothreads are extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for
|
|
severely memory constrained systems such as small embedded systems or
|
|
sensor network nodes. Protothreads provide linear code execution for
|
|
event-driven systems implemented in C. Protothreads can be used with or
|
|
without an underlying operating system.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_7_0_finding_help">7.0 Finding Help</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR is a packaged collection of software devlopment tools built from open
|
|
source projects.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>There is a large community of people who use these tools. There are a number
|
|
of these people who volunteer their time to help other people with problems
|
|
or questions. And then there are other people who also volunteer their time
|
|
to contribute to these open source projects.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The main places to find help is the Documenation and Online Sources. Please
|
|
try and find the answer in the documentation first before asking for help
|
|
online.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Tip</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">If you need to ask for help online, please read this first:
|
|
<a href="http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">How To Ask Questions The Smart Way</a></td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3 id="_7_1_documentation">7.1 Documentation</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The first and best place to find help is in the documentation! WinAVR includes
|
|
the user manuals for many of the software tools that are shipped in the
|
|
package.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The documentation for any particular package may come in different formats
|
|
depending upon what is available from that package and available space
|
|
in the WinAVR installation. The different documentation formats that you'll
|
|
find in WinAVR are:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="olist"><ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language. Requires a web browser to view.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
PDF - Portable Document Format. Requires a PDF viewer such as Acrobat.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Additionally many user manuals can also be found online, especially packages
|
|
that are part of the GNU project. You can find links to many of these in the
|
|
Links section below.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For packages that have HTML, and PDF documentation, look in your
|
|
<tt><install>\doc</tt> directory.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR installs on your desktop two shortcuts. One is to the HTML
|
|
documentation on avr-libc that is installed locally. The other shortcut is
|
|
to the GNU Manuals online (which requires Internet connection).</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_7_2_online_sources">7.2 Online Sources</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>I'll say it again:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Please try and find the answer in the documentation first before asking for
|
|
help online.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Tip</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">If you need to ask for help online, please read this first:
|
|
<a href="http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">How To Ask Questions The Smart Way</a></td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Help for the AVR software development toolset (and specifically AVR GCC) can
|
|
be found at:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="vlist"><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.avrfreaks.net">AVR Freaks</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
All AVR, all the time! This site has several forums including a general
|
|
AVR Forum and an AVR GCC Forum specifically for discussion of the GCC
|
|
compiler for the AVR. They also have an Academy which contains user's
|
|
projects. This gives you access to a lot of sample code, libraries, and
|
|
various AVR projects.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=avr">avr-gcc mailing list</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The avr-gcc list is intended as a forum for dicussion about the following:
|
|
Bugs, Programming technique, Installation and distributions, Hints and
|
|
tips, Other avr-gcc related stuff. Note that all of the developers of the
|
|
toolset are subscribed to this list!
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/">Mikrocontroller.net</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
For native German speakers. They have a forum for the AVR GCC compiler.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Help for other projects and tools included in WinAVR can usually be found at
|
|
the individual project's web page which usually includes links to their
|
|
mailing lists.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>If you need help, do not contact the WinAVR developers personally! Use these
|
|
web sites and mailing lists first!</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_8_0_toolset_bugs">8.0 Toolset Bugs</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="para"><p>You can fill out a relevant tracker on the
|
|
<a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr/">WinAVR SourceForge project page</a>, if you
|
|
have one of the following:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
a bug in the packaging
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
a bug in the installation
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
any suggestions for a new tool to be added
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
any suggestions for improvements to the overall package
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Important</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">IF THERE ARE BUGS IN THE SOFTWARE TOOLS THEMSELVES, THE MAINTAINERS
|
|
OF THE INDIVIDUAL SOFTWARE PROJECTS SHOULD BE NOTIFIED IN THE APPROPRIATE
|
|
MANNER, NOT ME, OR THE WINAVR PROJECT!!!!</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Generally, if you encounter a bug with a library routine or a bug with a
|
|
specifc AVR processor or header file, notify the avr-libc project first
|
|
(see Links below). They will let you know if the bug is truly in the avr-libc
|
|
project, or if it should be passed on to the GCC project. If the bug is in
|
|
GCC, go to their web page (see Links below) on how to report bugs to GCC.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with Programmer's Notepad 2, see it's SourceForge web site
|
|
(see Links) to issue a Bug Tracker, or email it's author (see Credits).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with avrdude, see it's Project page (see Links).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with simulavr, see it's Project page (see Links).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with avarice, see it's Project page (see Links).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with GDB, see it's web page (see Links).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with Insight, see it's web page (see Links).</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For bugs with SRecord, see it's Home page (see Links).</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_9_0_winavr_faq">9.0 WinAVR FAQ</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="para"><p>This FAQ is specific to the WinAVR package and installation. For a programming
|
|
issues, see the avr-libc FAQ in the avr-libc documentation included in the
|
|
WinAVR package or the
|
|
<a href="http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/">avr-libc user manual online</a>.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>#1) <em>When I run a program, why do I get the error "You have multiple copies of cygwin1.dll on your system."?</em></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Certain packages in WinAVR are built with Cygwin and are linked to their
|
|
emulation library: cygwin1.dll. If you also have Cygwin installed seperately,
|
|
these programs will find the cygwin1.dll that is shipped and included with
|
|
WinAVR, and will also find the cygwin1.dll in your Cygwin installation. If
|
|
these versions are different, you will get this error.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>WinAVR must ship the cygwin1.dll file to support it's packages, as most people
|
|
do not have Cygwin installed on their system and it's not fair to ask people to
|
|
install such a huge package as a prerequisite.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Unfortunately, the <a href="http://cygwin.com/faq.html">Cygwin FAQ</a> says that the only
|
|
way around this is to remove other copies of cygwin1.dll. This would mean
|
|
either uninstalling Cygwin so the WinAVR programs work, or perhaps renaming
|
|
the cygwin1.dll found in the <tt><install>\bin</tt> directory so the WinAVR programs
|
|
will use the cygwin1.dll that is in the Cygwin installation. However, if you do
|
|
the latter, note that the version of cygwin1.dll you have in your Cygwin
|
|
installation is probably different than the version of cygwin1.dll that was
|
|
used to build the WinAVR programs. In this case, use at your own risk.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>#2) <em>I have any of the following warnings when I create a COFF file, what should I do?</em></p></div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>Warning: file {standard input} not found in symbol table, ignoring
|
|
Warning: ignoring function __vectors() outside any compilation unit
|
|
Warning: ignoring function __bad_interrupt() outside any compilation unit
|
|
Discarding local symbol outside any compilation unit: .__do_copy_data_start
|
|
Discarding local symbol outside any compilation unit: .__do_copy_data_loop</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Nothing. These warnings can be ignored.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>#3) <em>I use WinAVR with AVR Studio. I get an error when avr-objcopy is creating the load file for the EEPROM. It says there are no sections to be copied.</em></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>avr-objcopy is a part of GNU Binutils. In GNU Binutils 2.17 or later, the objcopy
|
|
program was changed to return an error when there are no sections to be copied.
|
|
This is different than previous versions of the objcopy program. This is not
|
|
really an error, as it is ok if there are no sections to be copied.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The Makefile has to be aware of this new behaviour and to not accept this as
|
|
a real error. Use the WinAVR Makefile Template as the basis of your Makefile, or
|
|
use AVR Studio 4.13 (soon to be released, if not already) which has changed how
|
|
it generates its internal Makefile on GCC projects to correctly account for this.</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_10_0_winavr_project">10.0 WinAVR Project</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<h3 id="_10_1_build_notes">10.1 Build Notes</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The contained packages are built either in the Cygwin environment, or the
|
|
MinGW environment. Some, but not all, packages are dependendent upon one or
|
|
more Cygwin DLLs, which are included in WinAVR.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="olist"><ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU Binutils: MinGW.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GCC: MinGW.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avr-libc: MinGW.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
avrdude: Cygwin.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GDB/Insight: MinGW.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
AVaRICE: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll,
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
SimulAVR: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
SRecord: MinGW.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>DLL Versions:</p></div>
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|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
cygwin1.dll: 1.5.23-2
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Programmer's Notepad 2 was built by the author, Simon Steele (see Credits).
|
|
Tofrodos was built by the author, Christopher Heng (see Credits).</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_10_2_credits">10.2 Credits</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Thank you to everyone who uses WinAVR!</p></div>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
WinAVR software devleopment toolset distribution built by
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Eric B. Weddington<br />
|
|
<a href="mailto:arcanum@users.sourceforge.net">email</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>One person cannot do all of this alone. There are many, many people involved
|
|
in making this package what it is. I am deeply indebted to those people. Below
|
|
is an attempt at a list of credits. Any omissions are my fault and corrections
|
|
are solicited.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to Joerg Wunsch for helping this project in
|
|
innummerable ways including writing the AVR COFF patch for binutils; patches
|
|
for GCC to help with debugging and binary constants; being the resident guru
|
|
on AVR Freaks; writing portions of this manual; reviewing all of my wacky
|
|
ideas; building SRecord; getting me in contact with the right people at the
|
|
right time ;-) ; spending the time to take me on a beautiful hike near his
|
|
home town; and for tolerating me over the years.
|
|
I don't know why he does it, but I am eternally grateful. :-)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to major contributers to the AVR toolset: Denis Chertykov,
|
|
Marek Michalkiewicz, Theodore (Ted) A. Roth, Joerg Wunsch, Michael Stumpf,
|
|
Reiner Patommel, Brian S. Dean, Scott Finneran, David Gay, Jason Kyle,
|
|
Bjoern Haase, Anatoly Sokolov, Dmitry Xmelkov.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thanks to Brian Dessent and Dave Murphy (wintermute) for help in getting
|
|
the toolchain to work on Windows Vista. Thanks to Dave Murphy for the patch
|
|
for Insight.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to Bjoern Haase for taking the time and effort to put
|
|
together the patches to add support for the ATmega256x devices and for the
|
|
last minute phone call with Joerg to resolve the last problem!
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to Colin O'Flynn for writing a tutorial on how to install
|
|
and configure WinAVR, writing a tutorial on how to use Insight, for testing
|
|
WinAVR, all around assistance, and helping on avrdude.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to Torleif Sandnes for all his help in getting WinAVR
|
|
to work in AVR Studio in all its various ways.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thanks to SourceForge for hosting the WinAVR project.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to Simon Steele for permission to include Programmers
|
|
Notepad in WinAVR. Programmer's Notepad is written and built by Simon Steele.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Native Win32 Unix programs from:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Karl M. Syring <a href="http://www.weihenstephan.de/~syring/win32/UnxUtils.html">http://www.weihenstephan.de/~syring/win32/UnxUtils.html</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="http://www.morpheus.demon.co.uk/">http://www.morpheus.demon.co.uk/</a> (bison and flex)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Tofrodos 1.6 is written and built by Chistopher Heng
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thanks to the following people for additional material for the
|
|
Makefile Template: Tim Henigan, Peter Fleury, Joerg Wunsch, Reiner Patommel,
|
|
Sander Pool, Frederik Rouleau, Markus Pfaff, and Carlos Lamas.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Special Thanks to Markus Assfalg for all his input in doing AVR COFF
|
|
pre-alpha tests and to Svenn-Ivar Svendsen from Atmel Norway, who
|
|
willingly answered questions regarding Atmel's COFF specs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to Torleif Sandness of Atmel, the principal developer of
|
|
Atmel's ELF parser for AVR Studio, for really pioneering that area.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thanks to members of the AVR COFF Alpha Testing team, which include:
|
|
Wallace White, Markus Assfalg, Volkmar Dierkes, Marc Wetzel, Andrew Ghali,
|
|
Omer Sinan KAYA, Eric Weddington.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thanks to Atmel and to Advanced Micro Tools (AMTools), makers of
|
|
the VMLAB debugger tool, for assistance in the endeavour of writing
|
|
the AVR COFF patch.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Special thanks to Nick Moore for designing the WinAVR logos!
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Special thanks to <a href="http://www.tulsawebdev.com">Brian Brill</a> for helping
|
|
to move around some large files for the first release; to Ted Roth
|
|
for hosting the first WinAVR release on the avr-libc web site.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Very Special Thanks to <strong>Ted Roth</strong> and <strong>Joerg Wunsch</strong> for putting up with me
|
|
when I was starting out.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
And a Very Special Thank You to Atmel Corporation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_11_0_links">11.0 Links</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr">WinAVR Project</a><br />
|
|
<a href="http://winavr.sourceforge.net/">WinAVR Home Page</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sourceforge.net">SourceForge</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.avrfreaks.net">AVR Freaks</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=avr">avr-gcc mailing list</a><br />
|
|
<a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=avr">avr-chat mailing list</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.atmel.com">Atmel</a> <tt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.atmel.com/products/avr/">Atmel AVR microcontrollers</a> </tt>
|
|
<a href="http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools.asp?family_id=607">Atmel's AVR Tools and Software</a><br />
|
|
<a href="http://www.atmel.no/beta_ware/">Atmel Norway's AVR Tools Beta Site</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU Project</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.gnu.org/manual/">GNU Manuals Online</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sources.redhat.com/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/">GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/">GCC Manuals Online</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avr-libc/">avr-libc</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude/">avrdude</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/avrdude-gui">avrdude-gui</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/uisp/">uisp</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sources.redhat.com/gdb/">GNU Debugger (GDB)</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sources.redhat.com/insight/">Insight</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/avarice">avarice</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/simulavr/">simulavr</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://avr-ada.sourceforge.net/">AVR-Ada</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.sax.de/~joerg/mfile/">MFile</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.pnotepad.org/">Programmers Notepad</a><br />
|
|
<a href="http://www.scintilla.org/">Scintilla</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://srecord.sourceforge.net/">SRecord</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.splint.org/">Splint</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://libusb-win32.sourceforge.net/">LibUSB-Win32</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://reality.sgiweb.org/davea/dwarf.html">dwarfdump</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/~regehr/stacktool/">stacktool</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.barello.net/avrx/">AvrX</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.ethernut.de/en/">EtherNut - Nut/OS</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.freertos.org/">FreeRTOS</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/">TinyOS</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.sics.se/~adam/contiki/">Contiki</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/xmk">XMK - eXtreme Minimal Kernel</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://picoos.sourceforge.net/">Pico OS</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://usmartx.sourceforge.net/">uSmartX</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://libtom.org/?page=features&newsitems=5&whatfile=crypt">LibTomCrypt</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.sics.se/~adam/uip/">uIP - TCP/IP Stack for Embedded Microcontrollers</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.sics.se/~adam/pt/">Protothreads</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.thefreecountry.com/">Tofrodos</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">GNU Make</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.cygwin.com/">Cygwin</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/freeice">Free ICE</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://pymite.python-hosting.com/">Pymite</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/nanovm">NanoVM</a></p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p><a href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/">Jargon</a></p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2008-12-04 12:43:29 MDT
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|