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<title>HPPA Directives - Using as</title>
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This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".
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Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002,
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2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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<p>
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<a name="HPPA-Directives"></a>Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="HPPA-Opcodes.html#HPPA-Opcodes">HPPA Opcodes</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="HPPA-Floating-Point.html#HPPA-Floating-Point">HPPA Floating Point</a>,
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Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="HPPA_002dDependent.html#HPPA_002dDependent">HPPA-Dependent</a>
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<h4 class="subsection">9.11.5 HPPA Assembler Directives</h4>
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<p><code>as</code> for the HPPA supports many additional directives for
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compatibility with the native assembler. This section describes them only
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briefly. For detailed information on HPPA-specific assembler directives, see
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<cite>HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language Reference Manual</cite> (HP 92432-90001).
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<p><a name="index-HPPA-directives-not-supported-804"></a><code>as</code> does <em>not</em> support the following assembler directives
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described in the HP manual:
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<pre class="example"> .endm .liston
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.enter .locct
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.leave .macro
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.listoff
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</pre>
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007b_002eparam_007d-on-HPPA-805"></a>Beyond those implemented for compatibility, <code>as</code> supports one
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additional assembler directive for the HPPA: <code>.param</code>. It conveys
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register argument locations for static functions. Its syntax closely follows
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the <code>.export</code> directive.
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<p><a name="index-HPPA_002donly-directives-806"></a>These are the additional directives in <code>as</code> for the HPPA:
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<dl>
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<dt><code>.block </code><var>n</var><dt><code>.blockz </code><var>n</var><dd>Reserve <var>n</var> bytes of storage, and initialize them to zero.
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<br><dt><code>.call</code><dd>Mark the beginning of a procedure call. Only the special case with <em>no
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arguments</em> is allowed.
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<br><dt><code>.callinfo [ </code><var>param</var><code>=</code><var>value</var><code>, ... ] [ </code><var>flag</var><code>, ... ]</code><dd>Specify a number of parameters and flags that define the environment for a
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procedure.
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<p><var>param</var> may be any of <span class="samp">frame</span> (frame size), <span class="samp">entry_gr</span> (end of
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general register range), <span class="samp">entry_fr</span> (end of float register range),
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<span class="samp">entry_sr</span> (end of space register range).
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<p>The values for <var>flag</var> are <span class="samp">calls</span> or <span class="samp">caller</span> (proc has
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subroutines), <span class="samp">no_calls</span> (proc does not call subroutines), <span class="samp">save_rp</span>
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(preserve return pointer), <span class="samp">save_sp</span> (proc preserves stack pointer),
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<span class="samp">no_unwind</span> (do not unwind this proc), <span class="samp">hpux_int</span> (proc is interrupt
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routine).
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<br><dt><code>.code</code><dd>Assemble into the standard section called <span class="samp">$TEXT$</span>, subsection
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<span class="samp">$CODE$</span>.
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<br><dt><code>.copyright "</code><var>string</var><code>"</code><dd>In the SOM object format, insert <var>string</var> into the object code, marked as a
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copyright string.
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<br><dt><code>.copyright "</code><var>string</var><code>"</code><dd>In the ELF object format, insert <var>string</var> into the object code, marked as a
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version string.
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<br><dt><code>.enter</code><dd>Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
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<br><dt><code>.entry</code><dd>Mark the beginning of a procedure.
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<br><dt><code>.exit</code><dd>Mark the end of a procedure.
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<br><dt><code>.export </code><var>name</var><code> [ ,</code><var>typ</var><code> ] [ ,</code><var>param</var><code>=</code><var>r</var><code> ]</code><dd>Make a procedure <var>name</var> available to callers. <var>typ</var>, if present, must
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be one of <span class="samp">absolute</span>, <span class="samp">code</span> (ELF only, not SOM), <span class="samp">data</span>,
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<span class="samp">entry</span>, <span class="samp">data</span>, <span class="samp">entry</span>, <span class="samp">millicode</span>, <span class="samp">plabel</span>,
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<span class="samp">pri_prog</span>, or <span class="samp">sec_prog</span>.
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<p><var>param</var>, if present, provides either relocation information for the
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procedure arguments and result, or a privilege level. <var>param</var> may be
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<span class="samp">argw</span><var>n</var> (where <var>n</var> ranges from <code>0</code> to <code>3</code>, and
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indicates one of four one-word arguments); <span class="samp">rtnval</span> (the procedure's
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result); or <span class="samp">priv_lev</span> (privilege level). For arguments or the result,
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<var>r</var> specifies how to relocate, and must be one of <span class="samp">no</span> (not
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relocatable), <span class="samp">gr</span> (argument is in general register), <span class="samp">fr</span> (in
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floating point register), or <span class="samp">fu</span> (upper half of float register).
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For <span class="samp">priv_lev</span>, <var>r</var> is an integer.
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<br><dt><code>.half </code><var>n</var><dd>Define a two-byte integer constant <var>n</var>; synonym for the portable
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<code>as</code> directive <code>.short</code>.
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<br><dt><code>.import </code><var>name</var><code> [ ,</code><var>typ</var><code> ]</code><dd>Converse of <code>.export</code>; make a procedure available to call. The arguments
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use the same conventions as the first two arguments for <code>.export</code>.
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<br><dt><code>.label </code><var>name</var><dd>Define <var>name</var> as a label for the current assembly location.
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<br><dt><code>.leave</code><dd>Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
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<br><dt><code>.origin </code><var>lc</var><dd>Advance location counter to <var>lc</var>. Synonym for the <code>as</code>
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portable directive <code>.org</code>.
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<br><dt><code>.param </code><var>name</var><code> [ ,</code><var>typ</var><code> ] [ ,</code><var>param</var><code>=</code><var>r</var><code> ]</code><dd><!-- Not in HP manual; @sc{gnu} HPPA extension -->
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Similar to <code>.export</code>, but used for static procedures.
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<br><dt><code>.proc</code><dd>Use preceding the first statement of a procedure.
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<br><dt><code>.procend</code><dd>Use following the last statement of a procedure.
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<br><dt><var>label</var><code> .reg </code><var>expr</var><dd><!-- ?? Not in HP manual (Jan 1988 vn) -->
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Synonym for <code>.equ</code>; define <var>label</var> with the absolute expression
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<var>expr</var> as its value.
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<br><dt><code>.space </code><var>secname</var><code> [ ,</code><var>params</var><code> ]</code><dd>Switch to section <var>secname</var>, creating a new section by that name if
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necessary. You may only use <var>params</var> when creating a new section, not
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when switching to an existing one. <var>secname</var> may identify a section by
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number rather than by name.
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<p>If specified, the list <var>params</var> declares attributes of the section,
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identified by keywords. The keywords recognized are <span class="samp">spnum=</span><var>exp</var>
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(identify this section by the number <var>exp</var>, an absolute expression),
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<span class="samp">sort=</span><var>exp</var> (order sections according to this sort key when linking;
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<var>exp</var> is an absolute expression), <span class="samp">unloadable</span> (section contains no
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loadable data), <span class="samp">notdefined</span> (this section defined elsewhere), and
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<span class="samp">private</span> (data in this section not available to other programs).
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<br><dt><code>.spnum </code><var>secnam</var><dd><!-- ?? Not in HP manual (Jan 1988) -->
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Allocate four bytes of storage, and initialize them with the section number of
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the section named <var>secnam</var>. (You can define the section number with the
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HPPA <code>.space</code> directive.)
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<p><a name="index-_0040code_007bstring_007d-directive-on-HPPA-807"></a><br><dt><code>.string "</code><var>str</var><code>"</code><dd>Copy the characters in the string <var>str</var> to the object file.
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See <a href="Strings.html#Strings">Strings</a>, for information on escape sequences you can use in
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<code>as</code> strings.
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<p><em>Warning!</em> The HPPA version of <code>.string</code> differs from the
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usual <code>as</code> definition: it does <em>not</em> write a zero byte
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after copying <var>str</var>.
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<br><dt><code>.stringz "</code><var>str</var><code>"</code><dd>Like <code>.string</code>, but appends a zero byte after copying <var>str</var> to object
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file.
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<br><dt><code>.subspa </code><var>name</var><code> [ ,</code><var>params</var><code> ]</code><dt><code>.nsubspa </code><var>name</var><code> [ ,</code><var>params</var><code> ]</code><dd>Similar to <code>.space</code>, but selects a subsection <var>name</var> within the
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current section. You may only specify <var>params</var> when you create a
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subsection (in the first instance of <code>.subspa</code> for this <var>name</var>).
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<p>If specified, the list <var>params</var> declares attributes of the subsection,
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identified by keywords. The keywords recognized are <span class="samp">quad=</span><var>expr</var>
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(“quadrant” for this subsection), <span class="samp">align=</span><var>expr</var> (alignment for
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beginning of this subsection; a power of two), <span class="samp">access=</span><var>expr</var> (value
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for “access rights” field), <span class="samp">sort=</span><var>expr</var> (sorting order for this
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subspace in link), <span class="samp">code_only</span> (subsection contains only code),
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<span class="samp">unloadable</span> (subsection cannot be loaded into memory), <span class="samp">comdat</span>
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(subsection is comdat), <span class="samp">common</span> (subsection is common block),
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<span class="samp">dup_comm</span> (subsection may have duplicate names), or <span class="samp">zero</span>
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(subsection is all zeros, do not write in object file).
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<p><code>.nsubspa</code> always creates a new subspace with the given name, even
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if one with the same name already exists.
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<p><span class="samp">comdat</span>, <span class="samp">common</span> and <span class="samp">dup_comm</span> can be used to implement
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various flavors of one-only support when using the SOM linker. The SOM
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linker only supports specific combinations of these flags. The details
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are not documented. A brief description is provided here.
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<p><span class="samp">comdat</span> provides a form of linkonce support. It is useful for
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both code and data subspaces. A <span class="samp">comdat</span> subspace has a key symbol
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marked by the <span class="samp">is_comdat</span> flag or <span class="samp">ST_COMDAT</span>. Only the first
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subspace for any given key is selected. The key symbol becomes universal
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in shared links. This is similar to the behavior of <span class="samp">secondary_def</span>
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symbols.
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<p><span class="samp">common</span> provides Fortran named common support. It is only useful
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for data subspaces. Symbols with the flag <span class="samp">is_common</span> retain this
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flag in shared links. Referencing a <span class="samp">is_common</span> symbol in a shared
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library from outside the library doesn't work. Thus, <span class="samp">is_common</span>
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symbols must be output whenever they are needed.
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<p><span class="samp">common</span> and <span class="samp">dup_comm</span> together provide Cobol common support.
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The subspaces in this case must all be the same length. Otherwise, this
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support is similar to the Fortran common support.
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<p><span class="samp">dup_comm</span> by itself provides a type of one-only support for code.
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Only the first <span class="samp">dup_comm</span> subspace is selected. There is a rather
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complex algorithm to compare subspaces. Code symbols marked with the
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<span class="samp">dup_common</span> flag are hidden. This support was intended for "C++
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duplicate inlines".
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<p>A simplified technique is used to mark the flags of symbols based on
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the flags of their subspace. A symbol with the scope SS_UNIVERSAL and
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type ST_ENTRY, ST_CODE or ST_DATA is marked with the corresponding
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settings of <span class="samp">comdat</span>, <span class="samp">common</span> and <span class="samp">dup_comm</span> from the
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subspace, respectively. This avoids having to introduce additional
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directives to mark these symbols. The HP assembler sets <span class="samp">is_common</span>
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from <span class="samp">common</span>. However, it doesn't set the <span class="samp">dup_common</span> from
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<span class="samp">dup_comm</span>. It doesn't have <span class="samp">comdat</span> support.
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<br><dt><code>.version "</code><var>str</var><code>"</code><dd>Write <var>str</var> as version identifier in object code.
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</dl>
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