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<TITLE>Debugging with GDB: Targets</TITLE>
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<H1> 16. Specifying a Debugging Target </H1>
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<!--docid::SEC158::-->
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX763"></A>
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A <EM>target</EM> is the execution environment occupied by your program.
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</P><P>
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Often, GDB runs in the same host environment as your program;
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in that case, the debugging target is specified as a side effect when
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you use the <CODE>file</CODE> or <CODE>core</CODE> commands. When you need more
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flexibility--for example, running GDB on a physically separate
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host, or controlling a standalone system over a serial port or a
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realtime system over a TCP/IP connection--you can use the <CODE>target</CODE>
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command to specify one of the target types configured for GDB
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(see section <A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC160">Commands for Managing Targets</A>).
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</P><P>
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<A NAME="IDX764"></A>
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It is possible to build GDB for several different <EM>target
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architectures</EM>. When GDB is built like that, you can choose
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one of the available architectures with the <KBD>set architecture</KBD>
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command.
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</P><P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<A NAME="IDX765"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX766"></A>
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<DT><CODE>set architecture <VAR>arch</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>This command sets the current target architecture to <VAR>arch</VAR>. The
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value of <VAR>arch</VAR> can be <CODE>"auto"</CODE>, in addition to one of the
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supported architectures.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>show architecture</CODE>
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<DD>Show the current target architecture.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>set processor</CODE>
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<DD><DT><CODE>processor</CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX767"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX768"></A>
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These are alias commands for, respectively, <CODE>set architecture</CODE>
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and <CODE>show architecture</CODE>.
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</DL>
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<P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC159">16.1 Active Targets</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Active targets</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC160">16.2 Commands for Managing Targets</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for managing targets</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC161">16.3 Choosing Target Byte Order</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Choosing target byte order</TD></TR>
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</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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<A NAME="Active Targets"></A>
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<HR SIZE="6">
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<A NAME="SEC159"></A>
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<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC158"> < </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
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<H2> 16.1 Active Targets </H2>
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<!--docid::SEC159::-->
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX769"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX770"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX771"></A>
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</P><P>
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There are three classes of targets: processes, core files, and
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executable files. GDB can work concurrently on up to three
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active targets, one in each class. This allows you to (for example)
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start a process and inspect its activity without abandoning your work on
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a core file.
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</P><P>
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For example, if you execute <SAMP>`gdb a.out'</SAMP>, then the executable file
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<CODE>a.out</CODE> is the only active target. If you designate a core file as
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well--presumably from a prior run that crashed and coredumped--then
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GDB has two active targets and uses them in tandem, looking
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first in the corefile target, then in the executable file, to satisfy
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requests for memory addresses. (Typically, these two classes of target
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are complementary, since core files contain only a program's
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read-write memory--variables and so on--plus machine status, while
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executable files contain only the program text and initialized data.)
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</P><P>
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When you type <CODE>run</CODE>, your executable file becomes an active process
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target as well. When a process target is active, all GDB
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commands requesting memory addresses refer to that target; addresses in
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an active core file or executable file target are obscured while the
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process target is active.
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</P><P>
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Use the <CODE>core-file</CODE> and <CODE>exec-file</CODE> commands to select a new
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core file or executable target (see section <A HREF="gdb_16.html#SEC155">Commands to Specify Files</A>). To specify as a target a process that is already running, use
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the <CODE>attach</CODE> command (see section <A HREF="gdb_5.html#SEC25">Debugging an Already-running Process</A>).
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</P><P>
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<A NAME="Target Commands"></A>
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<HR SIZE="6">
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<A NAME="SEC160"></A>
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<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC159"> < </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_18.html#SEC162"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_38.html#SEC764">Index</A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
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<H2> 16.2 Commands for Managing Targets </H2>
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<!--docid::SEC160::-->
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><CODE>target <VAR>type</VAR> <VAR>parameters</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>Connects the GDB host environment to a target machine or
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process. A target is typically a protocol for talking to debugging
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facilities. You use the argument <VAR>type</VAR> to specify the type or
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protocol of the target machine.
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<P>
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Further <VAR>parameters</VAR> are interpreted by the target protocol, but
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typically include things like device names or host names to connect
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with, process numbers, and baud rates.
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</P><P>
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The <CODE>target</CODE> command does not repeat if you press <KBD>RET</KBD> again
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after executing the command.
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</P><P>
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<A NAME="IDX772"></A>
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<DT><CODE>help target</CODE>
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<DD>Displays the names of all targets available. To display targets
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currently selected, use either <CODE>info target</CODE> or <CODE>info files</CODE>
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(see section <A HREF="gdb_16.html#SEC155">Commands to Specify Files</A>).
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>help target <VAR>name</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>Describe a particular target, including any parameters necessary to
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select it.
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX773"></A>
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<DT><CODE>set gnutarget <VAR>args</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>GDB uses its own library BFD to read your files. GDB
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knows whether it is reading an <EM>executable</EM>,
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a <EM>core</EM>, or a <EM>.o</EM> file; however, you can specify the file format
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with the <CODE>set gnutarget</CODE> command. Unlike most <CODE>target</CODE> commands,
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with <CODE>gnutarget</CODE> the <CODE>target</CODE> refers to a program, not a machine.
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<P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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<EM>Warning:</EM> To specify a file format with <CODE>set gnutarget</CODE>,
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you must know the actual BFD name.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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See section <A HREF="gdb_16.html#SEC155">Commands to Specify Files</A>.
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</P><P>
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<A NAME="IDX774"></A>
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<DT><CODE>show gnutarget</CODE>
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<DD>Use the <CODE>show gnutarget</CODE> command to display what file format
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<CODE>gnutarget</CODE> is set to read. If you have not set <CODE>gnutarget</CODE>,
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GDB will determine the file format for each file automatically,
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and <CODE>show gnutarget</CODE> displays <SAMP>`The current BDF target is "auto"'</SAMP>.
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</DL>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX775"></A>
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Here are some common targets (available, or not, depending on the GDB
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configuration):
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</P><P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<A NAME="IDX776"></A>
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<DT><CODE>target exec <VAR>program</VAR></CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX777"></A>
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An executable file. <SAMP>`target exec <VAR>program</VAR>'</SAMP> is the same as
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<SAMP>`exec-file <VAR>program</VAR>'</SAMP>.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>target core <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX778"></A>
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A core dump file. <SAMP>`target core <VAR>filename</VAR>'</SAMP> is the same as
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<SAMP>`core-file <VAR>filename</VAR>'</SAMP>.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>target remote <VAR>medium</VAR></CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX779"></A>
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A remote system connected to GDB via a serial line or network
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connection. This command tells GDB to use its own remote
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protocol over <VAR>medium</VAR> for debugging. See section <A HREF="gdb_18.html#SEC162">17. Debugging Remote Programs</A>.
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<P>
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For example, if you have a board connected to <TT>`/dev/ttya'</TT> on the
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machine running GDB, you could say:
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</P><P>
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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre>target remote /dev/ttya
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</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
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<CODE>target remote</CODE> supports the <CODE>load</CODE> command. This is only
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useful if you have some other way of getting the stub to the target
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system, and you can put it somewhere in memory where it won't get
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clobbered by the download.
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</P><P>
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<DT><CODE>target sim</CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX780"></A>
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Builtin CPU simulator. GDB includes simulators for most architectures.
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In general,
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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre> target sim
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load
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run
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</FONT></pre></td></tr></table>works; however, you cannot assume that a specific memory map, device
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drivers, or even basic I/O is available, although some simulators do
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provide these. For info about any processor-specific simulator details,
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see the appropriate section in <A HREF="gdb_19.html#SEC194">Embedded Processors</A>.
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<P>
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</DL>
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<P>
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Some configurations may include these targets as well:
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</P><P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><CODE>target nrom <VAR>dev</VAR></CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX781"></A>
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NetROM ROM emulator. This target only supports downloading.
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<P>
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</DL>
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<P>
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Different targets are available on different configurations of GDB;
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your configuration may have more or fewer targets.
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</P><P>
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Many remote targets require you to download the executable's code once
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you've successfully established a connection. You may wish to control
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various aspects of this process.
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</P><P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><CODE>set hash</CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX782"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX783"></A>
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This command controls whether a hash mark <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> is displayed while
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downloading a file to the remote monitor. If on, a hash mark is
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displayed after each S-record is successfully downloaded to the
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monitor.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>show hash</CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX784"></A>
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Show the current status of displaying the hash mark.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>set debug monitor</CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX785"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX786"></A>
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Enable or disable display of communications messages between
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GDB and the remote monitor.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>show debug monitor</CODE>
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<DD><A NAME="IDX787"></A>
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Show the current status of displaying communications between
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GDB and the remote monitor.
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</DL>
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<P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<A NAME="IDX788"></A>
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<DT><CODE>load <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>Depending on what remote debugging facilities are configured into
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GDB, the <CODE>load</CODE> command may be available. Where it exists, it
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is meant to make <VAR>filename</VAR> (an executable) available for debugging
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on the remote system--by downloading, or dynamic linking, for example.
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<CODE>load</CODE> also records the <VAR>filename</VAR> symbol table in GDB, like
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the <CODE>add-symbol-file</CODE> command.
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<P>
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If your GDB does not have a <CODE>load</CODE> command, attempting to
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execute it gets the error message "<CODE>You can't do that when your
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target is <small>...</small></CODE>"
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</P><P>
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The file is loaded at whatever address is specified in the executable.
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For some object file formats, you can specify the load address when you
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link the program; for other formats, like a.out, the object file format
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specifies a fixed address.
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</P><P>
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Depending on the remote side capabilities, GDB may be able to
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load programs into flash memory.
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</P><P>
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<CODE>load</CODE> does not repeat if you press <KBD>RET</KBD> again after using it.
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</DL>
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<P>
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<A NAME="Byte Order"></A>
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<HR SIZE="6">
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<A NAME="SEC161"></A>
|
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<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC160"> < </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC158"> Up </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_18.html#SEC162"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
|
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_38.html#SEC764">Index</A>]</TD>
|
|
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
|
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</TR></TABLE>
|
|
<H2> 16.3 Choosing Target Byte Order </H2>
|
|
<!--docid::SEC161::-->
|
|
<P>
|
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|
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<A NAME="IDX789"></A>
|
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<A NAME="IDX790"></A>
|
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</P><P>
|
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|
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Some types of processors, such as the MIPS, PowerPC, and Renesas SH,
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offer the ability to run either big-endian or little-endian byte
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orders. Usually the executable or symbol will include a bit to
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|
designate the endian-ness, and you will not need to worry about
|
|
which to use. However, you may still find it useful to adjust
|
|
GDB's idea of processor endian-ness manually.
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</P><P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<A NAME="IDX791"></A>
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<DT><CODE>set endian big</CODE>
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<DD>Instruct GDB to assume the target is big-endian.
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<P>
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|
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<DT><CODE>set endian little</CODE>
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<DD>Instruct GDB to assume the target is little-endian.
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<P>
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<DT><CODE>set endian auto</CODE>
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<DD>Instruct GDB to use the byte order associated with the
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executable.
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<P>
|
|
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<DT><CODE>show endian</CODE>
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<DD>Display GDB's current idea of the target byte order.
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<P>
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|
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</DL>
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<P>
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|
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Note that these commands merely adjust interpretation of symbolic
|
|
data on the host, and that they have absolutely no effect on the
|
|
target system.
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</P><P>
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|
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<A NAME="Remote Debugging"></A>
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|
<HR SIZE="6">
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<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
|
|
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_17.html#SEC158"> << </A>]</TD>
|
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_18.html#SEC162"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
|
|
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
|
|
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_38.html#SEC764">Index</A>]</TD>
|
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="gdb_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
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|
<BR>
|
|
<FONT SIZE="-1">
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|
|
|
<address>
|
|
|
|
<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to <a
|
|
href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">gnu@gnu.org</a>. There are also <a
|
|
href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to
|
|
contact</a> the FSF.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>These pages are maintained by <a
|
|
href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/">the GDB developers</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Copyright Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite
|
|
330, Boston, MA 02111, USA.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
|
|
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p>
|
|
|
|
</address>
|
|
|
|
This document was generated
|
|
by <I>GDB Administrator</I> on <I>March, 27 2008</I>
|
|
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
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|
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
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</HTML>
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